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Philosophy, Psychology, Literature^ 
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Centennial Appendix 

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CiJEffilGHT DJEPOSm 



A BRIEF REPORT 

Of the Meeting 

Commemorative of the Early 
Saint Louis Movement 

in 

Philosophy, Psychology, Literature, Art 
and Education 



m 



In Honor of Dr. Denton J. Snider's Eightieth Birthday 

Held January 14th and 15th, 1921 

At Vandervoort's Music Hall 

St. Louis, Missouri 



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D, H. HARRIS 
Chairman and General Manager 






Introduction 

t 

The central location of St. Louis ; its railroad and river 
facilities of transportation ; its business enterprise ; its com- 
mercial importance; its industries; its wealth, all combine to 
insure its future gfrowth and prosperity as one of the most im- 
portant inland cities of America. 

But of still greater importance is its leadership in the 
trend of modern philosophic thoug'ht and the intellectual and 
spiritual progress of its people. 

Emerson tells of the shot for freedom and independence 
that was heard around the world. So in the following pages 
is reported that wonderful liberation of spirit and the progress 
and advancement of the "St. Louis Early Movement" — in phi- 
losophy, art, literature, psychology, and education, which was 
developed here about forty years ago. and which has had such 
a profound influence in St. Louis and throughout the west, and 
has spread to the eastern seaboard and become international 
in its scope. 

Briefly sketched here are the li\es and works of the great 
men who originated and contributed to what is known as the 
"Early St. Louis Movement," notably, W^illiam Torrey Harris. 
Henry C. Brockmeyer, Denton J. Snider, Thomas Davidson. 
Adolph Kroeger, J. Gabriel Woerner and others. 

It is regretted that the interest and spirit of the occasion 
cannot be adequately reported. 

It will be interesting to study these men in their \arious 
tendencies, as the speakers have viewed them from different 
standpoints, thus affording us an unique and more general con- 
sideration of their work and influence. 



■ 2 

MAY -1 1922 

'^N Ml ^ ^ mf f^ rs r\ n 




W M. T. HARRIS 




DENTON J. SNIDER 



Index of Contents 

Brief Opening Address by D. H. Harris 2 

Address of Welcome — Mayor Henry \V. Kiel 10 

Philosophic Schools — St. Louis. Jacksonville, 111.. Concord. 
Mass., Chicag-o, by Louis j. Block 13 

The Early St. Louis Movement and The Communal Uni- 
versity, by Mrs. D. H. Harris : 31 

Henry C. Brockmeyer, by Mrs. Denton J. Snider (collated 
from Dr. Snider's work — The Early St. Louis Movement) 51 

Thomas Davidson, by Percival Chubb 59 

Adolph Ernst Kroeger and Historv of Music in St. Louis, by 
E. R. Kroeger .' 69 

J. Gabriel Woerner, by Wm. F. Woerner 81 

Reflections on The Early Movement, by Francis E. Cook 89 

The Influence of The Earlv Movement on Education, by 

W. J. S. Bryan— Substitute 98 

The Early Journals. Magazines and Writers of St. Louis, by 
Alexander N. De Menil (a brief note) 99 

Historv of Musical Development in St. Louis, by Frank 
Geeks 103 

The St. Louis Public Library, by Dr. Arthur E. Bostwick Ill 

Copv of a Letter Written to Dr. Snider, by Rev. lames 

W. Lee ' 119 

Most Remarkable Man, by Rev. James W. Lee 120 

Miss Susan E. Blow and the Kindergarten, by Miss Mary 

C. McCulloch 127 

The Psychology of Music, by Richard Spamer 137 

William Marion Reedy, by A. A. H 146 

Poem — Dedicated to Dr. Denton J. Snider on his Eightieth 

Birthday, Jan. 9th, 1921, by Katharine Higgins Sommers..l47 
Lincoln's Mother, by Mrs. Katharine Higgins Sommers, in- 
spired by Dr. Snider's extensive treatise on Lincoln 147 

In Memoriam — Miss Amelia C. Fruchte, by Mrs. Adeline 

Palmier Wagoner 148 

A Man for All Ages, by Mrs. Adeline Palmier W^agoner 148 

The St. Louis Tercentenary Shakespeare Society, J\lrs. Adeline 

Palmier Wagoner 149 

In Memoriam — Miss Amelia C. Fruchte — Chester B. Curtis. -..153 

Letters from Friends 158 

Address at the Banquet — G. R. Dodson 159 

7 



LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 

Page 

Wm. T. Harris 3 

Denton J. Snider. 5 

Vandervoort's Music Hall . 9 

Mayor Henry W. Kiel ._...:. 10 

Louis J. Block 11 

Hiram K. Jones 21 

Mrs. D. H. Harris 29 

Wm. G. Eliot .. : 33 

Mrs. Rebecca N. Hazard.. 37 

Henry C. Brockmeyer 49 

Georg Wilhelm Frederich Hegel 53 

Thomas Davidson 57 

Percival Chubb 63 

Adolph Ernst Kroeger ; 67 

E. R. Kroeger 71 

P. G. Anton 75 

J. Gabriel Woerner 79 

W'm. F. Woerner 83 

Francis E. Cook. 87 

Rev. Dr. R. A. Holland... 91 

Wm. M. Bryant 95 

Frank Geeks 101 

Arthur E. Bostwick 107 

Central Public Library. . 109 

Frederick Morgan Crunden 113 

Rev. Dr. James W. Lee 117 

Miss Susan E. Blow 123 

Des Peres School — First Public School Kindergarten 125 

Miss Mary C. McCulloch 131 

Richard Spamer 135 

William Marion Reed}- 145 

Miss Amelia C. Fruchte 151 

Chester B. Curtis ..155 

D. H. Harris .161 



y 




VANDERVOORT'S MUSIC HALL 



A Report of the Early St. Louis Movement 

The first session convened at \'andervoort"s ^lusic Hall, at 2 
P. M. Friday, Jan. 14, 11)-.^], ^vlr. D. H. Harris, presiding-: 

He congratulated the audience upon this occasion, stating 
that the early movement did not beg'in with large numl)ers, as 
■\ve may have at this meeting'. It had a few great men, but little 
known to the world at that time, who were inspired by the im- 
perative need of checking the rapidly increasing influence of 
materialism and agnosticism. 

They deeply felt the importance of preserving and utilizing 
the great universal works of philosophy and literature, filtered 
through generations of the cumulative genius of the human race. 
They also felt the need of developing and establishing, in ad- 
dition to these treasures of thought, new systems that are de- 
manded as the natural outgrowth of our modern civilization. 

He said that it is eminently fitting that on an occasion like 
this that we should call upon the highest executive of our city 
to give a word of welcome: I, therefore, take great pleasure in 
calling upon onr Mayor, the Honorable Henry W . Kiel, who 
happily res])onded as follows: 




HON. HENR^ \V. KIEL 

Hon. Henry W. Kiel: "I am proud of our great city and it 
gives me much pleasure to welcome delegates here. I think 
this is an important occasion, and is worthy of the attention and 
attendance of all who are interested in the vital subjects here 
considered." 

"It is due to the men and women of the early days who had 
the vision to look for*ward and see our real needs that enables 
us and qualifies us to meet and discuss these important sub- 
jects. From time to time our brainy men and women adopted 
certain methods that have l)een developed into national systems." 

"I must congratulate you upon this occasion and I wish to 
encourage the people of St. Louis along the particular lines tliat 
are your object and purpose today." 

"I wish my time was not so limited. T know you have a 
long program, but this is a subject I would like to discuss with 
you. indeed, but your chairman has limited me to a few words. 
I am glad to be here, and T thank you for the great privilege you 
have accorded me." 

10 



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LOUIS J. BLOCK 



The Philosophic Schools of St. Louis, Jack- 
sonville, Concord and Chicago 

By Louis J. Block 

Mr. President, ladies and gentlemen : T think every- 
body who ever makes a speech of any kind finds this difficulty, 
that he discovers that it is next to impossible for him, however 
careful he may be and however admirably he may attempt to 
speak, to reach the sort of eulogistic introduction with which he 
is presented to an audience. I find myself very much in that 
difficulty this morning, and noav I shall have to live up to a cer- 
tain standard which my good friend, Mr. David Harris, has 
presented. 

I am liere to tell a very plain and simple story, a story that 
in my opinion ranks in importance and in intrinsic character with 
any similar story that is to be told within the entire range of 
time. I am perfectly aware of what 1 am saying, and if the point 
of view may seem to you large and the intimation made rather 
extensive. I believe that the facts, spiritual, educational, phi- 
losophical, will entirely bear me out. 

I have made acquaintance with philosophical movements 
at dififerent times and in different parts of the world, and al- 
though I may, as I say, make a statement that seems very large 
and may seem difficult to prove, I do not hesitate, however, in 
stating that the great movement which occurred in the city of 
.St. Louis some thirty or forty years ago. and whose leaders and 
protagonists were men whom some of us have known inti- 
mately, Mr. William T. Harris, Mr. Denton J. Snider, Mr. 
Thomas Davidson, Mr. Adolph Kroeger, Mr. George H. Howison, 
of whom I think I shall have the privilege later of saying a few 
words, in importance and in far reaching results, ranks with the 
greatest movements of the kind that we can find in all history. 

I have often wondered, and I believe that I have ventured 
sometimes at a difference of opinion with Mr, Denton J. Snider, 
in his naming his last book, "The St. Louis Movement". I may 
say I lived the first years of my life here in the city of St. Louis. 
I practically began my life here, I think I was two years old 

13 



when thev brought nie here, and I lived here until 1 was about 
twenty-one. I had the privilege of attending the great public 
schools of this city, and afterwards went to Washington Univer- 
sity where I graduated. So I have nothing in the world against 
St. Louis ; St. Louis is as dear to me today as it was in the olden 
days when with other boys I wandered along the banks of the 
Mississippi River and climbed into the ferry boat and went over 
to Venice and the other places on the other side to take a plunge 
in its rather murky and somewhat forbidding waters. 

I have often wondered why this movement should receive 
the limiting name of the "St. Louis Movement". There were 
reasons doubtless in the character of the city in those early days 
why the ambitious and high minded young men found it desirable 
to come to St. Louis, and it was the coming together of men who 
were then alive to the deepest interests of the time and to the 
deepest interests of all time. They came together in St. Louis, 
they formed the group here which worked together. They 
developed that system of thought which has illustrated and 
which to some of us has made St. Louis a kind of a Mecca, to 
which we have looked for enlightment and for illumination in 
the dark places which we all find in the progress of our lives. 

If one may go back a little and study the history of philo.'-c- 
phic thought in the United States, one will find, I think, three 
somewhat well demarcated divisions in the history. If one were 
to write a history of thought in the United States, I think he 
probably would discover that he would want to make in tiiat 
history, three sections. The first section doubtless would be a 
section which would have characteristics of the following kind, 
it might be called the "Primary Section", wdiich is distinctly 
under the domination of some ruling dogma or some ruling 
principle, which comes to it not from its own inner develop- 
ment, but actually comes to it from without. 

There wias that first movement of thought which was purely 
dogmatic and dominated by principles and by systematic pro- 
cedures that came to it not out of its own inner development, 
but came to it exteriorly. It was the time of obedient e to 
authority, it was the time of the justification of authority, it was 
the time when the whole system of thought moved within the 
limitations of an external authority. 

All the great people who came to this country and settled 

14 



on these shores, came with those dog-matic ideas fully imbedded 
in them, they ■were the center of their life, they were the most 
important things to them, they were the basis of all their spiritual 
experience. It was a life dominated we may say — and not in any 
harsh sense or in any sense that is not fully illuminating and 
giving them just and fair treatment — by the influence of an 
exterior authority, under what may be called a system of dogma. 

The inevitable results, of course, had to follow from that, 
because the human mind, it appears, cannot subsist in that con- 
dition — the revolt ensues. Of course, I could mention some of 
the great minds and great people who belonged to that first 
period, perhaps it is not necessary to do that. 

But the second and the antithetic movement necessarily 
came to pass. The dogma no longer was satisfactory, and par- 
ticularly the imposition of external authority no longer could 
be endured. The revolt ensued, and the revolt produced what 
in the ordinary understanding is the greatest period of our 
philosophic and literary histor}-. That is the great time when in 
New England the "Transcendentalist,'" published the "Dial", 
and the whole antithetic and liberating movement began to ap- 
pear in philosophic thought, in literature, in poetry, in the novel. 
To that liberalism and to that development, wliolly, we o-we the 
men and the women to whom we still look up ; that is to say, 
probably you and I look up to them, I most assuredly do. what- 
soever the enlightenment of the younger minds who are now 
figuring in the literary field may say about it. But I still, as 
I did when I was a mere boy, sit at the feet of the great and the 
serene and the noble Ralph Waldo Emerson. 

I still look back upon the times when my own illumination 
and my qwn development took me to the great writers of New 
England; Emerson, Lowell, Margaret Fuller, Hawthorne, 
Thoreau, are the great liberators of the United States. We all 
owe them that indebtedness. They freed us from the exterior 
authority which was dominating everyone of us and which we 
felt impossible longer to endure. 

But it may be said, perhaps, that any revolt of that kind 
carries with it something of the elements and something of the 
preceding characteristics against which it arose, and that how- 
ever liberalistic it may appear, it yet assumes in different phases 
something of the character of the period that anteceded it. 

15 



They were not wholly free. That was a battle and a fi.s:ht 
and it was a great battle and a great fight. What it did for this 
country we all know. It gave freedom to this whole land. They 
were the center of the great abolitionist movement, they in- 
spired the great man of his time and of his country. They gave 
the spirit and the soul to Abraham Lincoln, they liberated all of 
us. And yet, the elements were not quite fully mixed, it needed 
a greater liberation yet. They accepted more or less certain 
fundamental doctrines without giving them the entire and com- 
plete examination which they deserved. 

There had to come a third, a greater and a larger movement, 
a movement of absolutely free thought that felt that the first 
thing it had to do was to find out what its awn presuppositions 
were, and to find a justification in free thought for whatever 
justification there was. That was an entirely free movement of 
free thinking, and that free movement of free thinking was made 
by the men in whose honor we are having this celebration here 
todav. And not any one of them, deserves a higher mention 
than the man in whose presence we stand. 

This was the appearance on this continent of absolutely free 
thought; thinking itself wholly and entirely and systematically, 
thinking its own pres-uppositicns, building up its own develop- 
ment, and culminating in its own entire complete self recogni- 
tion and creative activity. It was a movement of free thought 
comi)aral)le with the great movement of free thought in Athens 
when Aristotle and Plato and Socrates emancipated the Greek 
young man and the (ireek manhood altogether. It was a move- 
ment of thinking entirely comparable with the greatest move- 
ment of the Middle ages. However, the Middle Ages may have 
come under the influence of what may be called dogmatic ele- 
ments, nevertheless the great thinkers of that time, if they will 
be closely investigated, will be found to be as liberalistic a-^ any 
that lived anywhere. 

The great thinking movement of the Middle Ages that 
centered around St. Thomas Aquinas was a liberalistic move- 
ment in every sense of the word. The St. Louis movement is 
comparable with that one, and especially is it comparable with 
the other great movement, the great mo\'ement in modern times, 
the great movement which influenced these men so profounrllv 
and so deeply, the great movement in Germany, the great move- 
ment whose leader was the immortal Immanuel Kant. 'Jlien 

16 



came the young- enthusiasts, on the one side. Fichte with his 
moralistic idealism and his profound sense of the right and of 
duty. He may be called a subjective idealist, but if that is 
subjective idealism, I should think that all of us would like to 
get as much of it as we can. There was the other young man 
who took the other side, the one who studied nature so profound- 
ly and built up a system of nature, Schelling-. Then, greatest of 
all, the wisest philosopher in the whole history of time, Hegel, 
at whose feet honorably and nobly sat the young men who began 
life here in the city of St. Louis. 

The "St. Louis Movement", therefore, in my opinion should 
be characterized in the first place as a great national movement, 
and, while no one has any objection to calling it the "St. Louis 
Movement", because it did start and originate here ; neverthe- 
less, it belongs organically and properly speaking to the entire 
history of philosophic thought in the L^nited States. It is the 
third in the series, as the first was the dogmatic movement, the 
second was the revolt, and this is the concrete, full recog-nition 
of the significance of thought, of free thought within the mind 
of man, also outside there in the great world of nature, also 
above and surrounding all of us within the Divine in Whom we 
live and move and have our being-. 

We shall not understand the St. Louis Movement aright, 
I believe, unless we take it in that proper sense ; and we shall 
also further have to take it as a new revelation to mankind of 
all that is positive, of all that is spiritual, of all that is the very 
essence and the very life of the spirit of mankind and of every- 
one of us. As I said, there was connected with that movement 
the inspirer, Mr. Brockmeyer, whom I knew very slightly. But 
I met the other inspirer, I met the other man more intimately, 
who seemed to me to have walked out of the Paradise of Dante 
and who has been like the great St. John who, at the very last 
moment of the whole paradisiacal experience took Dante and 
showed him the illumination in the heavens above. That man I 
knew very well, and that man always has been to me as the 
representative of an ideal and of a nobility and a profundity of 
thought that surpasses in many respects any other man whom I 
have known. You know whom I mean. He walked your streets, 
he taught in your schools, he took care of your little children, he 
did every task that the ordinary man would do, but he lived ever- 
lastingly and eternally in the presence of the vision of the im- 
mortal. 1 speak of William Torrey Harris. 

17 



Now another man we have with us, and I look at him now. 
I think of him as I have know^n him for all these many years, 1 
speak of him just as he was when I first began to know him. 
Every great movement of this kind must have in it a man like 
Denton J. Snider, and the function of a man like Denton J. Snider 
is indispensable to every movement of this kind. First comes 
inevitably the profound revelation in the discovery of truth ; next 
comes the application of -all this great truth in all the fields of 
life; third, and above that, comes the creation of a new world, a 
new world of art, a new world of thought, a new world of re- 
ligion. There comes the necessity of complete and adequate 
expression, the new wine has to be put into new bottles, and the 
new bottles must go all over and around the world. 

There must be the finder and the discoverer of the ever- 
lasting idea, there must be a man who will tell and speak and 
utter and express the everlasting truth to all mankind. He 
is the great writer, the great expresser. the one who mediates 
between the everlasting truth and the great audiences who are 
expected to hear it. In that place and in that function stands 
the noble man in whose honor we are met here today and, when 
the work is estimated aright, and it is placed in comparison with 
the work of any other one of the great expressers of the world — 
because in every epoch and every time, and wherever there has 
been any philosophy the great expresser has come, the expresser 
here today ranks entirely and completely (in the estimates of all 
those who are worthy to know and to give an opinion) with the 
greatest men that have figured in that field since time began. 

The three St. Louis leaders appear to me as follows : P>rock- 
meyer brought Europe with him, he translates the logic of 
Hegel ; Harris antithetic to Europe brings New England and 
America with him ; the unifier and medium of expression, the 
giver of the system to the world is Denton J. Snider. It is only 
incumbent upon all of us to say this and to express what we feel. 
Denton J. Snider has been to everyone of us, what Denton J. 
•Snider increasingly is going to be to all maid'cind. I am just as 
sure of it as I am of standing on this platform, that those books 
belong to the everlasting possessions of the human race, the 
human race will never let them go, they will be in all libraries 
and they will have readers upon readers, and everybody will 
feel that again, as he himself has said, speaking- of the literary 
bibles, "We have another revelator, another messenger, another 

18 



angel of the Lord with us who has delivered his message and has 
set it down in writ for everyone of us." 

Now, T have been asked to talk on another subject. T believe 
I have about exhausted my time, and the other subject that T 
was asked to speak about was the Philosophical Schools having 
their origin in the St. Louis Movement. It will carry out the 
thesis which I have been attempting to develop and carry out 
further the meaning and significance of the St. Louis Move- 
ment, and also carry out further the way in which it has been 
going from one end of this country to the other. 

I knew a number of these movements quite intimately, I 
was part of them, I was in them, so I can s|)eak from first hand 
knowledge. I shall do this ver}' briefly, because I do not care 
to take up much more of your time. 

The first one of these so-called philosophical schools that T 
wish to speak about is one that had its center in one of your 
neighboring cities. I have been asked to s])eak about the phi- 
losophical schools of the city of St. Louis, I must express my in- 
ability to do that, some person who kno^vs the philosophical 
schools of St. Louis much better than I do must speak on that 
subject. All that I can tell you is that when T was a young' man 
in Washington L'niversity here, filled with my own ambitions. 
trying to write poetry and reading all kinds of things, and in 
trying to find a way out of terrors of dififerent kinds that came 
to me, the terrors of a purely subjective knowledge which shut 
me up within my own self, and I did not know how I was going 
to get out of my own head and find anything" out of myself. 

I was made an associate member of the Philosophical 
Society of St. Louis, and I attended a number of those meetings. 
T remember one meeting particularly in which the guest of honor 
was Ralph Waldo Emerson, and Emerson read a very remark- 
able and beautiful paper on that occasion. Emerson was not by 
nature a controversialist, he disliked that very much, I have heard 
him say so himself. I think it was on that occasion he was rather 
severely taken to task bv a gentleman who probably is unknown 
to anyone of you here, I think he has passed into that grateful 
oblivion intO' which all such controversialists should pass. But 
nothing was more beautiful than the way in which the philoso- 
phers came to the rescue of the visitor, and especially was the 
rescue made by my own teacher. Professor George H. Hovvison, 
of Washington L'niversity. 

19 



I can tell you very little about the philosophical schools of 
St. Louis, but I can tell you more about some of the philosophical 
schools outside of this city. I know there was a ^reat phil- 
osophical school, a very remarkable movement in the city of 
Ouincy. Illinois. This was under the guidance of Mr. Samuel 
Emery, and Mr. Samuel Emery had around him a group of men 
and women who met once a week for the study of fundamental 
thought. 

The book that they used was a translation made by Mr. 
Henry C. Brockmeyer. and that was a translation in manuscript 
of the logic of Hegel. They were studying, these men and 
women, business men leaving their business, women leaving 
their various avocations and coming together once a week in 
Ouincy to study the logic of Hegel. That was one of the out- 
growths of the St. Louis Movement. 

I am endeavoring to demonstrate, and what I wish to show 
is that the St. Louis Movement was not an isolated fact here in 
this city on the banks of the great Mississippi, but it was having 
its influence all over this land, and that everywhere groups of 
men and women were awakened to know intellectual effort of 
the highest kind by the word that came from this group of men 
wdio were in the city of St. Louis. 

In a neighboring town, Avhere I lived for some ten years and 
w'here I had the honor of constant association with my good old 
friend, David Harris, in Jacksonville, Illinois, there was another 
movement. Jacksonville is perhaps the ''pearl city'' of Illinois, 
it is a beautiful town, and it has had for a long time a great 
many educational institutions. They seem to have grouped them- 
selves there, and the people all around in that neighborhood and 
that vicinity have, after having built up such competency as they 
thought desirable, gone to Jacksonville to live, to spend their last 
days there, and they bring with them their families. It is, there- 
fore, a rather selected community. 

I remember the ten years 1 lived there with an interest that 
I can hardly express. I never had ten happier years in all my 
life, and no matter what may happen to me in this world or in 
any other to which I go, I know I shall not meet anywhere 
nobler men or nobler women. 

In that toiwn had established himself a man who was born 
in Missouri and then had gone over to Jacksonville, had attended 

20 




DR. HIRAM K. JONES 



Illinois College, and after graduating- from Illinois College, he 
had become interested and had gone deeply into Greek studies. 
He went through his medical course and became a doctor, he 
developed into the most remarkable physician of that town, no 
other doctor could be placed in comparison with him, and he 
had a rather curious practice which he developed and used with 
every patient. When a patient came to him, the first thing 
that he did was this : He gave him no medicines of any kind 
whatsoever, he sat down by his bedside, he began to talk to him. 
He has told me often that he could treat no patient until he 
found out what his internal, his mental, his spiritual, his psycho- 
logical condition was. He talked with him over and over again 
and talked with him on varying subjects, and very frequently he 
gave no medicines of any kind whatsoever. 

He left his patient with some healing and consoling vision, 
and it was very remarkable all over that city that wherever the 
doctor went, health and cure and consolation accompanied him. 
Now, this Dr. Hiram K. Jones very soon after his graduation 
and after his establishment there, in his function as chief phy- 
sician to the city — because he was that if ever any man was, 
he needed no appointment from any official source, he had made 
himself the doctor-in-chief, the developer-in-chief, the adviser- 
in-chief, the healer-in-chief of that whole city — began the study 
of Plato. He gradually brought around him a group of men and 
women comparable with the group in Quincy, Illinois. 

Mr. Harris and myself sat in that conventicle, in that holy 
chapel, in that church where the message came from beyond and 
descended straight from the throne. We sat there listening to 
the words as they fell from the lips of Dr. Hiram K. Jones. The 
dialogues of Plato were the text we studied, over and over again 
did we go through those dialogues ; we went through them 
scientifically and fully, we studied them as they should be 
studied. 

We had the original text, we had all kinds of translations, 
but above them all. we had the man whose mind was akin to 
Plato's own, and who, out of that kinship and out of that under- 
standing, came to us with the great message of the great 
philosopher, noble and elevating, and we felt that we were 
listening to the words of the great Greek himself. 

Now, that was the group in Jacksonville, that group I knew 
intimately. I cannot say that that group grew out of the St. 

23 



Louis group, that was an original center of philosophic thought 
of its own. But the two groups met, and often visitations came 
both from Quincy and from St. Louis ; from Quincy, Mr. Emery ; 
from St. Louis Denton J. Snider and Thomas Davidson ; these 
gentlemen gave talks and lectures before the Plato Club. 

The Plato Club met every Saturday morning at ten o'clock, 
the lecture lasted from ten to twelve, and it met always in the 
house of Mrs. Joseph King. That house is still standing there, 
and I have gone sometimes to Jacksonville, and, although it is 
now shut and the family have all gone away, I have stood in 
front of it and I have thought of the great hours that were 
spent under that roof in listening to the illuminated words of 
the great thinker and great man. 

Coordinate with Dr. Jones there came another man whom 
we met and who came to us, and this man also, after graduation 
from college, had been attracted through his Greek study to the 
Platonistic philosophy. He did not, however, study Plato so 
much as he became attracted to the great followers of Plato. 
He was a New-Platonist. This gentleman lives in a little town 
up in Missouri, I always intended to visit him — 

Chairman Harris: He died a few months ago. 

Mr. Block (Cont'd.): I had not heard that. He was Mr. 
Thomas J. Johnson, of Osceola. That was another philosophic 
center. Then after the group here in the city of St. Louis had 
somewhat disintegrated and separated, going to dififerent parts 
of the covmtry, other groups were formed. I remember very dis- 
tinctly that Ralph Waldo Emerson, Bronson Alcott, who came to 
Jacksonville very often, by the way, and made us very prolonged 
visits, William T. Harris and Dr. H. K. Jones met at Concord. 
Whether this was a prearrangement with these men, I do not 
know, whether it was one of those • accidents which are not 
accidents but milestones in the development of mankind. 

They met in Concord and they talked it all over, and they 
decided they would make a philosophic center in Concord and 
out of that meeting came the Concord School. It was deter- 
mined on in this meeting, a meeting at which were present the 
men whom I have mentioned, not only men but women were 
there as well. Mrs. Jones, the wife of Dr. Jones, Mr. and Mrs. 
Walcott of Jacksonville, Illinois, Mr. and Mrs. Detmian, of 
Quincy. They were present in Concord and they decided that 

24 



they would have the Concord school. Announcements were then 
made and the Concord School met the following year. 

I went to the Concord School. I was there during a number 
of the sessions. Ralph Waldo Emerson delivered no lectures 
at that time. I remember only one paper that he read once in 
the church to which he belonged, and that was an evening meet- 
ing, not connected with the school itself. 

Mr. Alcott was in all his glory and delivered a great many 
lectures during the Concord School of Philosophy. Those who 
were left of the great transcendental group, most of them came 
to the Concord School of Philosophy; Mrs. Edna Dow Cheney, 
Dr. Bartol, David A. Wasson, Colonel Thomas W. Higginson, 
Frank Sanborn ; all these people came to the Concord School of 
Philosophy. Mr. Emery broke up his home in Quincy and came 
to live in Concord, and he was the moderator at the various 
lectures. 

But this is the main point I wish to come to, and I wish to 
come to it quickly because I must not prolong this lecture much 
more. The men who were at the center of the movement in 
Concord were the St. Louis men and the Jacksonville men. Dr. 
Jones went there to lecture on Platonism, Mr. Snider was there 
to lecture on the great poets, Mr. Harris was their leader and 
shining illuminator in every field. So that the Concord School 
of Philosophy, when properly understood and properly related 
to the philosophic movement of this country, is part of and be- 
longs to the St. Louis Movement. It is a part of the movement 
which began here in the city of St. Louis. That is another in- 
dication of how widespread the influence of the St. Louis Move- 
ment has been. 

Then there was in Chicago, in the city of Materialistic 
development and in the city which shows those characteristics 
of push and rivalry and business that belong to so much of 
American life, in that city penetrated once again the St. Louis 
Movement. It came there in all its strength and all its vigor, 
and Harris and Davidson and Snider established the literary 
schools under the auspices of Miss Elizabeth Harrison, connect- 
ed with The Kindergarten College, for four years in succession 
they came and they had a Shakespeare and a Dante School and 
a Goethe School and a Homer School, and it was once more the 
illumination that came from St. Louis that established itself 
there. 

25 



Then afterwards, Tliomas Davidson l^ought a farm in tlie 
Adirondacks, in an attractive place, and in that he built up a 
summer school of philosophy, and once more the St. Louis 
people came to that school. Mr. Snider, I believe never went 
to Glenmore, that was the school of Thomas Davidson, and 
Davidson and Harris were the great leaders in that school. So 
once more the St. Louis Movement established itself under the 
shadows and in the sunlight and besides the running streams of 
the Adirondacks. That was a great school, and great men as- 
semble there. Mr. Josiah Royce, of Harvard College, Mr. 
William James, of Harvard, Mr. Felix Adler, who lived in the 
neighborhood, Thomas Davidson, William T. Harris. It was 
a great and remarkable experience while it lasted, but it belongs 
and distinctly is associated with the St. Louis Movement. 

I come now to the last one about which I wish to speak, and 
I feel about this one I should say a few words more, because 
somehow or other the name of this man has not been mentioned 
as often as in my own opinion it ought to be. While I was at 
Washington L^niversity I had several teachers there, who filled 
me with an admiration and with an affection that I shall carry 
with me as long as I live. One was the great teacher of mathe- 
matics. Chancellor Chauvenet. the other was my teacher of 
Greek, the strange and remarkable personality who came here 
and went through this valley of tears under the name of Sylves- 
ter W^aterhouse, possibly some of you remember him. Then, 
inspiring was the professor of philosophy, (leorge H. Howison. 
I know of no man who can surpass him in the inspiring power of 
utterance and in the nobility of his thinking. He was one of 
the most remarkable men T think this country has ever produced. 

I want to bring him in here because he has in a way sprea<l 
the influence of the St. Louis Movement very widely. Professor 
Howison, after being here in St. Louis for a number of years, 
went to the Boston School of Technology ; from there he went 
to the University of }>Iichigan, filling the place of Professor John 
Dewey. Professor John Dewey, whatever his weight and in- 
fluence now is, got his inspiration, his start from the St. Louis 
Movement and he belongs to the St. Louis Movement. He may 
not think that he does, and possibly if you spoke to him about it, 
he might deny it, but nevertheless he does organically belong to 
it. 

Mr. Howison went to the L'niversity of California, he be- 

26 



came the head professor of pliilosoph}- there, and he spent the 
remainino: years of his life there. He had around him a body of 
most enthusiastic students, he estabhshed the Philosophic Union 
there, a union made up principally of the advanced members 
of his class. This Philosophic Union had regular meeting's in 
P)erkeley. and it had as lecturers some of the g-reatest men that 
have figured on both sides of the water, not only men of note 
in philosophy in America, but in Ciermany. England and France. 

Professor Howison had a band of enthusiastic students, 
and this is my final point in the illustration of the wide spread 
influence of the St. Louis Movement. These pupils that gradu- 
ated under Professor Howison have become in their turn ])ro- 
fessors in the great universities of the United States, and the 
])resident of the great university of the city of New York, the 
second largest university in the L'nited States, a university ac- 
cording to the latest accounts having eleven thousand students, 
a university absolutely free and connected with the public school 
system of the city of New York, the j^resident of that great 
university is Professor Sidney Mezes, a pupil and a graduate 
from the classes of Professor Howison. 

The head professor of philosophy at Yale College, Professor 
Bakewell, an intimate personal friend of Davidson's, was a 
student, a graduate from Professor Howison. The professor of 
philosophy at Cornell University, Professor McGillivray is a 
student and graduate of Professor Howison. The head pro- 
fessor of philosophy in the John-Hopkins University, Professor 
Lovejoy, is a student and pupil of Professor Howison. Pro- 
fessor Overstreet of the University of New York is a student of 
Dr. Howison. These are the young men who are spreading 
philosophic thought all over the United States. They are at the 
head of philosophy in these great institutions. They got their 
inspiration from Professor Howison, and Professor Howison 
belongs to the great group of men who flourished here in the 
city of St. Louis. 

So that the St. Louis Movement is more alive today than 
it ever was, and its benign, its elevating, its ennobling influence; 
its high positive view of life ; its solution of the problems and the 
difficulties that assail each one of -us; its justification of our 
highest hopes and of our highest demands, of all our spiritual 
nature ; its explanations of all the great problems of science, and 
its elevation in the highest realm of thought and aspiration and 

27 



emotion, in uniting us with the everlasting, the eternal and the 
Divine, the work is going on more and more. It is spreading its 
ennobling influence all over this land; and the St. Louis Move- 
ment today is larger and wider and grander than it ever has been 
before. 



28 




MRS. D. H. HARRIS 



The Early St. Louis Movement and the 
Communal University 

Address by Mrs. D. H. Harris. 

Dr. Snider insisted that I should speak at this meeting-, as 
lie wished that all who had taken part and had shown deep 
interest, in The St. Louis Movement should give their testimony. 
I told him that we were not then living- in St. Louis, but were in 
close touch with it, so that we had taken some little part in it. 

Prof. Block of Chicag-o has just spoken in such ct)mpre- 
hensive and eloquent terms it seems that there is but little left 
for me to say about the g-eneral conditions. I can only give some 
of its more concrete and intimate aspects and some account of 
our personal experience and intercourse with those who were 
eng-aged in it. 

We were living in Jacksonville, Illinois, at the time, my 
husband being Superintendent of its public schools with Pro- 
fessor Louis J. Block associated with him as Principal of the 
High School, so that we shared in what he has described as that 
most ideal life, and we were associated with those highly cul- 
tivated and congenial spirits, which secured for the city the 
distinguished name of "The Athens of the \\ est." 

We hung as it were upon the fringes of the St. Louis Move- 
ment, and with the concurrence of our friends we invited the 
great leaders to visit us there at our home. 

Dr. Snider came to talk to us ; Dr. Harris visited us ; Mr. 
Morgan of the High School ; Mr. Thos. Davidson ; also Mr. A. 
Bronson Alcott, of Concord, Mass., all came to Jacksonville. 
Mr. Emerson had lectured there earlier. 

Dr. Snider talked to us on some aspects of the world's 
literature and aroused warm discussion among the ladies when 
he spoke of Goethes' ideas of the vocation of woman in Wilhelm 
Meister. Dr. Snider was altogether stimulating and inspiring. 
Mr Morgan was the elegant exponent of the classical culture 
of St. Louis. Mr. Davidson came in the flush of his manhood, 
his overflowing spirits, his great good humor, extensive learning 

31 



and wonderful versatility, equally at home in interpreting the 
Parthenon Frieze or discussing" George Eliots' novels or analyz- 
ing a Greek tragedy or repeating a Scotch ballad, and charming 
alike in all. 

Dr. Harris came as a master of philosophic thought and 
if any had expected that there would be a tilt of armored knights 
as he and Dr. Jones met in conflict representing different schools 
of philosophy they were disappointed, because Dr. Harris' tone 
and temper were shown there. He was ever the reconciler. He 
always sought to find points of agreement rather than difference, 
that from a common vantage ground they might proceed to 
greater insights into truth. 

Mr. Alcott was the Socrates, not of the Agora, but of the 
parlor, for those were the good old Victorian days when we still 
had parlors. Mr. Alcott was the leader of a circle of cultivated 
people met for discourse and the success of his "Conversations" 
as they were called, depended to a large extent upon the intel- 
ligence and culture of his audience. He endeavored to treat 
conversation as a fine art, developing it along the lines of grace 
and beauty as well as insight and knowledge. He visited us two 
or three times and always charmed us by his gentle lovely spirit. 
Mr. Alcott was prouder of the attainments and genius of his 
daughter Louisa Alcott, the author of ''Little Men" and "Little 
Women" than of his own achievements. 

Jacksonville was dominated by the Platonic Philosophy of 
which Dr. Hiram K. Jones was the leader and the exponent. 
This Plato Club was confined in its interest and influence prin- 
cipally to Jacksonville. 

The St. Louis Movement, the genetic center of that great 
intellectual and spiritual development took place after the 
Civil War. Mr. Harris, Mr. Brockmeyer, Mr. Snider and Mr. 
Davidson were associated in this movement which began with 
the Kant Class and Hegel Club and the study of Plato and 
Aristotle, Art and Literature. 

Dr. Harris began with the study of Philosophy to stem the 
tide of materialism and agnosticism which had swept over the 
world after the introduction of the theory of Evolution and the 
rise of the scientific discoveries of Darwin and the so-called con- 
flict of science and religion. Dr. Harris established his "Journal 
of Speculative Philosophy" in 1867 to combat the ideas of Her- 

32 




WM. G. ELIOT 
Founder of Washington University 



bert Spencer in his "Fir^t Principles". The motto of the Journal 
was from Novalis "Though Philosophy can bake no bread it can 
procure for us God, Freedom and Immortality". 

Many testimonials have been given showing the attitude of 
the more advanced clergy to^ward this early movement, appre- 
ciative of the service it afforded in re-enforcing the faith of manv 
in this period of conHict and controversy. 

It is generally known that Herbert Spencer's early theories 
were finally discredited by himself and now no longer hold a 
place as a system in the world of philosophic thought. 

The broad free enlightening character of the movement in 
St. Louis caused it to spread rapidly. Not the least notable 
feature was the interest that women took in this development. 
They had found the advantage of working together during the 
Civil War and they now began to form clubs for study and 
self-improvement. "Culture" became the watchword of the 
time. Classes, Clubs, Reading Circles spread out from St. Louis 
all over the country and there are now three millions of women 
in Federated Clubs. Schools, Colleges, and Universities have been 
increased many fold and women themselves have been lifted up 
into a power and importance hardly dreamed of before. As one 
candidate for election recently said before a group of women, 
they are better fitted through their studies and acquaintance 
with public affairs to take the reins of government than many 
men. But women can truly say "That they do not want a 
matriarchate, although they have a deep interest in the welfare 
of the State." 

The ladies who were associated and deeply interested in 
this great work in St. Louis generously assisted the leaders. 
Dr. Harris conducted classes largely attended by cultured 
women ; Dr. Snider led classes in the Greek Drama for several 
years, and he may be considered to America what Alatthew 
Arnold is to England, her really Greek Spirit, so thoroughly has 
he assimulated its character and culture. Dr. \Vm, G. Eliot 
the founder of Washington University, whose remarkable char- 
acter sent that institution far on its way, was always the friend 
and upholder of the women of our city in all their eft"orts for 
advancement. Mr. Schuyler says the establishment of a perma- 
nent, chair of philosophy at Washington University at the be- 
ginning of the present century took the initial step through the 

35 




MRS. REBECCA N. HAZARD 



influence of the leaders of the St. Louis movement. Society 
n^omen threw open their houses to the meetings; among them 
Mrs. Rebecca N. Hazard, Mrs. Beverly Allen and her daughter 
Mrs. Orrick, Mrs. Lackland and others. Mrs. Hazard's home was 
for more than twenty years, almost until her death, the home of 
a reading circle, where the "Literary Bibles" were studied, 
notably Dante — Mrs. Hazard herself writing a monograph, "A 
New View of Dante", which enlisted much interest and favor- 
able comment. St. Louis has stood back of her great leaders, 
loyally sustaining them, with approbation and pride in their 
achievements, until they have gained national and international 
fame. 

Dr. Harris' part as the leader in the St. Louis Movement 
was both as the practical Educator and Philosopher. One has 
said : "Dr. Harris' philosophic influence in America began just 
when it was most urgently needed. It was just as the doctrine 
of Evolution, pregnant itself with such infinite enlightment and 
good came in, inextricably bound up for the time with English 
and German philosophy, which saw little beyond secondary cause 
and destined in that combination to do mischief for a generation. 
It was imperative that at such a time the youthful speculative 
minds of the country should be thrown back into companionship 
with the real lords of thought and taught that the great influx of 
new science could be subsumed and only adequately subsumed 
under a commanding idealistic philosophy. 

This service Dr. Harris rendered America. He compelled 
a new generation to open again, when there was danger of 
Its forgetting it, the pages of Hegel, Kant, Aristotle and Plato 
and to supplement its reading by real thinking. He did it through 
his "Journal of Speculative Philosophy," through multiplied 
courses of lectures, through the Concord School of Philosophy, 
where he was from the first the central and dynamic and really 
shaping influence and through his many books and pamphlets 
which kept coming from him all the time. For he was a pro- 
digious worker and worked till the last, and his work and in- 
fluence will still go on." 

He wrote extensively upon philosophy, psychology, educa- 
tion, social science, art and literature, — giving hundreds of lec- 
tures to the most cultivated audiences of our country. 

Among his most important books are ; The Introduction to 

39 



the Study of Philosophy, Hegel's logic. The Genesis of the 
Categories of the Mind, The Spiritual Sense of Dante's Divine 
Corned}^, The I'sychologic Foundations of Education. 

That was a great day for the philosophers of our country 
when they realized their long cherished dream in the Concord 
School of Philosophy. As Mr. Wm. Schuyler says "The Concord 
School of Philosophy may be considered as the national expan- 
sion of the local movement". 

The St. Louis Movement advanced ujion the early seats of 
learning and culture of our country and occupied their orig- 
inal strongholds. Here were met the great thinkers, educators and 
philosophers of the whole country, from the east and west, seek- 
ing to solve the great problems of thought and life. It was con- 
sidered one of the most notable gatherings of recent times. 

We were there for a while and participated in the privileges 
of the great movement. We chanced to arrive in Concord the 
evening of the day of their Annual Regatta, celebrating the 
Fourth of Jul}', which had been postponed on account of the 
attempted assassination of President Garfield. It was in this 
refined and artistic way that the Concord people expressed their 
patriotic impulses and now the whole town with all the visitors 
and attendants at the school were out to see this charming sight 
so ^'i\•i(ll\• described in some of her annals of this interesting 
town by Miss Alcott. The little boats l)rilliantly lighted, each 
picturing some scene from fancy or history, all moved down 
on the meandering waters of the Concord River, past the historic 
statue of the. "Minute Man"' by French, to the enchanting strains 
of music and the admiring applause of the nniltitudc. 

We spent our nights under what had been the Alcotts' roof 
with reminders of "Little Men" and "Little Women" all al^out us. 
The morning sessions of the School were devoted to lectures 
and discussions on many interesting and profound ])hilosophic 
themes. Among the speakers were our own Dr. Jones from the 
west, discoursing on Plato's Dialogues and Dr. Snider reading 
from his "Walk in Hellas" which charmed alike by its content 
as bv its form, with its peculiarly rythmical prose. 

Among other lecturers were Wm. James of Harvard, also 
Josiah Royce and John Fisk, the great American Historian, 
Louis J. Block, Geo. H. Howison and many others of note from 
L^nivcrsities, Colleges and various seats of learning. There were 

40 



many notable women present also, Miss Blow from St. Louis 
with Miss McCulloch of Kindergarten fame, and Miss Fruchte 
and others of the High School ; Miss Peabody, Mrs. Edna Cheney 
and Mrs. Julia Ward Howe of Boston were representatives of 
the eastern women. 

It was noteworthy, the interest of the newspaper press in 
■getting reports of all the sessions and discussions and their dis- 
tribution of them over the entire country. 

The Concord School made a profound and lasting impres- 
sion upon the intellectual life and character of our people. This 
was one of the great achievements of the St. Louis Movement. 
There were two other great achievements, the "Journal of Spec- 
ulative Philosophy," the first of its kind ever published in 
America, which has been mentioned; it became a bond of intel- 
lectual interest with the European centers of learning. St. Louis 
was for the time the World's Center of Philosoi^hic thought and 
it is said to have aided the interest in our great "World's Fair." 

The other and third achievement was our St. Louis System 
of Public Schools, so thoroughly organized on such a scale of 
broad comprehensive, educational culture that it is considered 
the most rounded and complete in its curriculum, methods and 
scope, furnishing the American Model, not only for schools at 
home, but for foreign nations looking to us for help in con- 
structing their own educational systems. 

One of the great results of the St. Louis Movement is still 
continued and is now upon us in the great new system of thought 
that Dr. Snider has just given to the world in his System of 
Universal Psychology — comprised in three volumes: 

L Psychology and the Psychosis; The Intellect. 

H. The Will and its World; Psychical and Ethical. 

HL Feeling with the Prolegomena. 

He states that philosophy has run its course and that there 
is a call for a new discipline to take its place. Not that philoso- 
phy is to be discarded or discredited, but that there is a de- 
mand for a new formulation of thought. It is not to be expected 
that America should be satisfied with the philosophy of Europe. 
America must have a dififerent discipline of thought. So there 
is Psychology. To be sure, Wundt in Germany, had begun an 

41 



Experimental Psychology and \\m. James was beginning to 
lecture on the theme at Harvard and there were others of com- 
paratively recent times. It was in the air when Dr. Snider made 
his announcement, but there was no such work as he has given 
us. 

This new Discipline is declared to be Psychology, the Science 
of the Self. It is no longer to be subordinated, but a free science, 
to make its own method and reveal it in all the creations of the 
Self, human and divine. The human being, when he begins 
thinking, recognizes first the Universe as a whole, it enfolds him 
and he sees its three primal divisions, God, World. Man, the 
three original fundamental elements and strives to formulate 
them in each of the three comprehensive disciplines ; Religion, 
Philosophy and Psychology. The fundamentals of the Universe, 
God, World, Man, are in a process together and it corresponds 
to the Self or Ego in its three stages as implicit, self-separating 
?.nd self-returning self. This process is called the "Psychosis." 
The fundamental process of the All or Universe is also a Psy- 
chosis or "xA.ll Psychosis or Pan (or "Pam") Psychosis". It is 
through this process that we come upon the norm of the All, the 
Universal process of man's thinking. It is this norm that Dr. 
Snider evolves, unfolds, elaborates, illustrates and applies in the 
most masterful and convincing manner in his Universal Psych- 
ology and when we have really grasped it we have the key of the 
Universe. This is really what the old Greeks meant when they 
said "Man know thyself". All knowledge centers there. 

Dr. Snider has applied his Psychological principles to every 
department of thought and reorganized the whole field of human 
knowledge. Philosophy, Nature, Art, Institutions, History and 
Biography. These works with the "Literary Bibles" and mis- 
cellaneous Volumes of poems, "The Lincolniad" and the volumes 
on the Kindergarten and miscellaneous works make in all about 
fifty volumes, showing him a most prolific writer. As a side 
light to his genius and philanthropy it is an interesting fact that 
all of his writings are preserved in electrotype plates, so that they 
may be reproduced at any time in the future when interest may 
demand it". 

These volumes form the text-books in that "Communal 
University" that Dr. Snider established and has conducted for 
the past sixteen years. 

42 



These classes were at first started at the residence of Mr. 
and Mrs. D. H. Harris and afterwards transferred to that of 
Professor Francis E. Cook and wife, who for about three years 
extended to us the beautiful hospitality of their home. Later 
in larger classes at the Public Library auditorium and the St. 
Louis Public School Teachers Society of Pedagogy, Professor 
Cook ga^e the whole system of Dr. Snider's psychology cover- 
ing a two years course with his own inimitable charm of manner 
and breadth of culture frequently with an attendance of more 
than a hundred in this one class or department of the Society. 

In LS94 the Society of Pedagogy had been reorganized up- 
on a plan drawn up by Professor Wm. M. Bryant on the lines 
of University Extension and was probably the largest Educa- 
tional organization of the kind in the West, numbering about 
fifteen hundred members. 

Miss Amelia C. Fruchte later became president of this 
Society of Pedagogy of the Public Schools for two years, and 
organized and conducted it on the general plan of the Universal 
Psychology in a most complete organization and brilliant manner. 
It is thought by competent judges that the results of her work 
in this society were the best of any of similar nature in the whole 
country. Professor W. J. S. Bryan said "It was wonderful be- 
cause for the first time here was an instrumentality that bridged 
the difference and the distance between the School and the home." 
There was often an attendance of more than two thousand 
persons, teachers and parents, at the different sessions where 
classes and lectures were arranged on different lines of study, 
gaining the interest and attendance of parents of pupils and the 
friends of the schools as well as of the teachers. 

The later home of the Communal University was for a num- 
ber of years in the assembly or lecture room of the Cabanne 
Branch Library where on Monday evenings might be found 
from twenty to one hundred persons deeply interested in the 
subjects presented. The principles of Psychology were elucidat- 
ed and applied to every department of knowledge. Dr. Snider 
gave us in Nature. "The Cosmos" and "The Diacosmos". the 
great material world and the invisible forces that move it; in 
"The Biocosmos", man as a physical being and his relation to the 
material world, of absorbing interest in the light of modern sci- 
ence. In Art he states the High Building to be America's con- 
tribution to Architecture, resting on its solid foundation which 

43 



corresponds to the implicit stage of the Self or Ego, it rises up 
and divides out into all its many apartments; opening to light 
i.nd air as the elevators open to the numerous floors. As the 
elevators circulate through, they give it life and movement in 
their course from foundation to roof and return, a marvelous 
process of activity. Those who have seen the VVoolworth build- 
ing in New York know how admirably it lends itself to adorn- 
ment in form and color and how beautiful it may be made. It 
is the most wonderful thing in America, it seems to foreign eyes, 
the triumph of modern art in architecture. Dr. Snider has a 
remarkable treatise on Music which Mr. Spamer has presented, 
ably treated in this report; showing us that it is the thrill of the 
self-separating — .self-returning — self, awakened l)y harmonious 
•rounds that gives us all those emotions and thrills that have such 
infinite power in our spiritual life. It is the threefold movement 
of the self that stirs us, illuminates, stimulates and inspires us. 
Dr. Geek has also illustrated his ])rinciples of the interpretation 
of music. 

Dr. Snider gives in his Social Institutions, the psychology 
of the Family, the Church, the State. Also the Educational In- 
stitutions which he has added to Hegel's formulation and which 
our modern life requires. In "The State" he elaborates the Psy- 
chology of law and government in their various forms and func- 
tions. 

A\'hen after an absence of six years I returned to St. Louis 
and attended the great Worlds Fair then in progress, I was 
impressed with the frequency and earnestness with which the 
St. Lo'uis speakers referred to the social institutions. No other 
phase of the St. Louis Movement seems to have impressed them 
more deeply. How earnestly they spoke of the family, of the 
church, of the state. Man can realize his spiritual nature, his 
highest possibilities only through institutional life. As I said 
to Dr. Snider recently this is what ought to be revived and now 
taught again, when Bolshivism begins to raise its head here in 
America and lawlessness and disorder attack us, we must oppose 
them with a return to the teaching of his work on Institutions. 

Dr. Snider gave us a very complete Psychology of History, 
beginning with Herodotus, the Father of History, showing why 
he is called the "Father", and extending this course through 
European History and that of America. "The Ten Years War 
of America" being the Iliod of our woes, which extended through 
five vears of western or Kansas l)order warfare and the John 

44 



J]rown defiance of constitutional liberty, which culminated in 
our Civil War. This last volume forms the back g-round of his 
llioji^Taphy of Abraham Lincoln, the first of his great biographies. 
He treats Biography as a special form of literature in his new 
method and in it he gives Goethe's "Life Poem." Emerson's "Life 
Essay" and Shakespeare's "Life Drama". 

Under Autobiography he gives "A Writer of Books" and the 
"St. Louis Movement''. This last volume contains in the Ap- 
j^endix a complete formulation of his system of Psychology. 
First "The Psychological Organon"; Second "The World Psy- 
chologized"; Third "The Self Psychologized". 

Aristotle's Logic, Bacon's Inductive Philosophy and Hegel's 
Dialectic are the three great Eurojican ( )rgana. and Dr. Snider's 
"Psychosis" or Psychological Organon is the first that America 
has given the world. 

He has also given a group of poems, the ex])ression of 
his Greek period, "Homer in Chios", "Delphic Days". "Agamem- 
non's Daughter", "Prorsus Retrorsus", also the "Johny Ap- 
pleseed Rhymes", giving the American Myth, a story of Ohio. 
Also a book of war Poems, "The House of Dreamery" and "The 
Shakesperiad," unique in its form and spirit. His most ex- 
tended poem is "The Lincolniad" in four volumes; "Lincoln in 
the Black Hawk War", "Lincoln and Ann Rutledge". "Lincoln 
in the White House", "Lincoln at Richmond". 

Dr. Snider considers the comjjlete literary treatise of Lin- 
coln's career one of the most persistent and wide spread aspira- 
tions of our time. Hence he adds "The Lincolniad'' to his prose 
biography as an expression in poetic form of that which prose 
is unable to convey. This gives the com]jlete picture of the 
great American Hero. He portra}"s the whole refund of Lin- 
coln's experience. 

Drinkwater's drama sufit'ers by comparison, as it makes no 
mention of Ann Rutledge, which is the very heart of it as giving 
the psycological basis of Lincoln's life; for his love for Ann 
Rutledge was the transfiguring power in Lincoln's experience, 
lifting him up out of the ordinary, almost into the divine, in the 
depth and powder of his lo\-e for the sufifering. the helpless, the 
oppressed. Those deep furrows on his face cannot be under- 
stood except by the overwhelming, never-to-be-forgotten loss of 

45 



Ann Rutledge. Dr. Snider has gone beyond any other biograph- 
er of Lincohi in this story. 

Then there is a group of Kindergarten books on "Froebel's 
Life and Work" and lastly a miscellaneous group comprising "A 
Walk in Hellas", with an international reputation, by many con 
sidered his most charming book ; "The Tour in Europe" ; "The 
Chicago Worlds Fair Studies" ; also two novels "The Freeber- 
gers" and "Castle Esperance". 

The Literary Bibles formed the basis of Dr. Snider's Liter- 
ary Schools in Chicago, Milwaukee and other cities. They give 
the profoundest insight into the meaning of the four great 
world poets, Homer, Dante, Shakespeare, Goethe, that has ever 
been given and they were studied from time to time in the Com- 
munal University of St. Louis to the delight and profit of all 
present. Mr. Snider calls them Literary Bibles, as they are next 
to the Sacred Bible of Revelation, the highest utterances in liter- 
ary and artistic form of the race. They justify the ways of 
God to man, and confirm man's faith in a Supreme Being, and 
for this reason they are of enduring worth and veneration. 

These subjects have formed the curriculum or basis of the 
course at the "Communal University". As these free lectures 
were not extensively advertised probably many who might have 
availed themselves of this great opportunity and secured a com- 
plete outline of the great fundamental facts of the entire history 
of the world in its development and progress in civilization and 
thought, also of the classic world ; of philosophy, literature and 
art, perhaps many have lost a lifetime opportunity, yet all 
who are interested may avail themselves of these works which 
may be obtained from the Public Library. Yet without the 
personal sponsor. 

The Communal L'niversity aft'orded a liberal education for 
all who would take it along broad lines and it was inspiring 
to every one who participated. In his munificence Dr. Snider 
has written and published all the text-books and furnished them 
free to his classes and as a return has only exacted a promise of 
study and regular attendance at all of the sessions. He has 
pursued not the method of the lecturer but always the Socratic 
method of question and voluntary answer as insuring the most 
thorough understanding of every subject. There has always 
been an open forum for the discussion of every topic of general 
interest to the community. 

46 



It is rumored tliat these classes that have been interrupted 
for a time will be opened again with some additional teaching 
force. The classes are open to all. 

I feel myself, with Mr. Harris, obligated to give this tribute 
of gratitude to Dr. Snider for all that we have received from 
this "Communal University". As the years go by, as students 
and thinkers become acquainted with these great works of 
formulated thought they will be accepted and more fully ap- 
preciated ; this will insure the perpetuity and the Immortality 
of the "St. Louis Movement". 




HENRY C. BROCKMEYER 



Henry G. Brockmeyer's Place in the St. 
Louis Movement 

Compiled of extracts from Denton J. Snider's book, The St. 
Louis Movement, by Mrs. D. J. Snider. 

The germinal starting point of the St. Lonis Movement was 
a man and a book. The man was Henry C. Brockmeyer, 1he 
book was Hegel's Larger Logic. 

"This book was Brockmeyer's one Supreme Book; it meant 
to him more than any other human production, and was pro- 
bably the source of his great spiritual transformation from 
social hostility and inner discord and even anarchism, to a re- 
conciliation with his government and indeed with the World 
Order, after his two maddened flights from civilization." 

To Mr. Brockmeyer belongs the unique distinction of having 
made the only translation of Hegel's Larger Logic in its en- 
tirety into English. 

"Brockmeyer began the translation in 1860. He was then 
lodged somewhere on the old South Market in a single bare 
attic, boarding himself and sleeping on the floor, (so I have 
heard him with humor dilate). He had been frugally pensioned 
with bread and room rent by W. T. Harris and a group of friends 
to make the translation of Hegel's Larger Logic (the Book of 
Fate) which was also intended to be a world stormer. The 
strange fact is that it has not been printed, and still stays unborn 
in manuscript after nearly sixty years of waiting. Indeed one 
is inclined to think that this translation of Hegel's Logic has had 
a peculiar doom hanging over it from the moment of its first 
written line. I have watched it more than half a century, now 
rising to the surface, then sinking out of sight as if under some 
curse of the malevolent years. Thus the creative book of 
Hegel's system was never put into English type, and has remain- 
ed quite inaccessible to the English speaking student. This to 
my mind has been the chief fatality in the propagation of the 
work and its doctrines, for it always has had and always will 
have its distinctive appeal to certain minds and even to certain 
times." 

51 




GEOUG V/ILHELM FREDERICH HEGEL 



Two men from Illinois were daring enough to carry Brock- 
meyer's manuscript translation of Hegel's Logic from the banks 
of the Mississippi to the shores of the Atlantic, where it collided 
with America's most famous philosopher, William James of 
Harvard L'niversity, who mentions the fact in one of his essays. 

"He (James) announced the arrival in a philosophical club 
at Boston of two young business men from Illinois, enthusiastic 
Hegelians, 'who with little or no knowledge of German had 
actually possessed themselves of a manuscript translation of the 
entire three volumes of the Logic made by an extraordinary 
Pomeranian immigrant named Brockmeyer'. Such is the faint 
rather spectral glimpse which the Harvard Professor has caught 
of the St. Louis Movement and of its big "Book of Fate". Brock- 
meyer. by the way, was not a Pomeranian but a Prussian of 
Minden. Moreover, James observes that the said Club, of which 
he was a member, had gone over a good part of Hegel's Logic 
under the self-constituted leadership of those two green jihi- 
losophic suckers from Quincy, Illinois, who had never been at 
a German L'niversity, and who could not even read the original 
text of their master, digging laboriously their knowledge of his 
doctrine up from Brockmeyer's barbarous Teutonic-English. 
It could only be deemed an act of unparalleled presumption on 
the part of those insolent Westerners, as we may hear in an 
under-tone out of the epithet self-constituted, and some other 
nuances of style." 

"Now I am inclined to believe that just this meeting of 
James with these two fervent believers in Hegel and their one 
Great Book was an important epoch in his philosophical develop- 
ment. He did not say so and probably did not think so, and 
might even have resented such a statement, still be bore the 
impress of this experience through life, even if by way of op- 
position. For he now saw men who had a living faith in Phi- 
losophy, and were ready to impart it with a missionary zeal, ex- 
pounding it to him and the Club from the strange hieroglyphs 
of the "three big folios" of their manuscript Bible. Moreover 
he had brushed against the greatest (lerman world-book of 
Philosophy, not excepting Kant's Critique of Pure Reason, of 
which it is indeed the sovereign remedial corrective, bringing 
intellectual restoration after overcoming man's ultimate denial. 
I dare think that Professor James must have gotten lasting, 
even if unconscious value from the scene and the man thus de- 

55 



scribed by him : *A more admirable homo unius libri than one 
of them with his three big folios of Hegelian manuscript I have 
never had the good fortune to know.' Doubtless this passage 
is tuned to an ironical note, still the writer of it never forgot, 
never could rid himself of the impressive fact which he here 
witnessed at least from the outside — ^the fact of the world's 
thought unified, inter-related, and organized into one complete 
system, and one man's unshaken belief in such a system." 

It was mainly for the purpose of printing Mr. Brockmeyer's 
translation of Hegel's Larger Logic that the St. Louis Philoso- 
phical Society was organized in January, 1866, with Henry C. 
Brockmeyer as president, and W. T. Harris as Secretary. It 
failed in this purpose, yet was otherwise a success, for it grew 
to be not only a pervasive influence in the community, but be- 
came known throughout the world by means of Dr. Harris' 
Journal of Speculative Philosophy. 

Having spoken of the germinal starting point of the St. 
Louis Movement, I think that I ought at least to mention before 
I close its culmination — nothing less than a new world discip- 
line, Psychology. Since the transition into this new system of 
Thought was evolved mainly out of Hegel's Larger Logic, the 
necessity of printing Brockmeyer's translation becomes appar- 
ent. Brockmeyer made a second translation of this book about 
1890-5. This translation, after careful comparison with the 
original German text and correction for publication by Prof. 
L. J. Block, has been placed in the keeping of the Missouri 
Historical Society, by D. H. Harris of St. Louis. Let us hope, 
it will be printed some dav. 



56 




THOMAS DAVIDSON 



Thomas Davidson 

By Percival Chubb 

Mr. Chairman, Ladies and (ientlenien: \ have a personal 
story to tell you. the story of one man ; but let me first relate that 
one man to the group of whom you hdve heard today, and to the 
event which brings us here. Coupled with the name of Thomas 
Davidson, of whom I am to speak, must be that of Denton J. 
Snider whom we meet to honor, and others as.-ociated with 
them both to whom we would pay tribute because they were 
men who endured to the end ; men who under the temptations 
and the pressure of the great commercial mo\'ement with its 
mightv prizes, yet spurned anything that did not serve their 
own ideals. 

My story links St. Louis with London and Europe. Tt tells 
of the man who, when he departed from St. Louis, was known 
familiarly among his peers as "Tom Davidson", but who before 
he died became Thomas Davidson, not of St. Louis, not of 
America, but of the modern world: the man who, when he died, 
was characterized in the pages of the London "Spectator", as 
"the last of the wandering scholars". 

Assuming the background of the earlier years of Davidson's 
life in St. Louis already sketched in for you, I begin with a meet- 
ing in 1882 at the then recently established Aristotelian Society 
in London. It was not long after there had been a visit to that 
Society about which a word should be said. Enter a tall, rather 
gaunt but distinguished figure, who sat down beside the presi- 
dent, listened attentively to the paper, and was then called upon 
somewhat in this fashion : "We are honored this evening by the 
presence of a man well known to all of you. William T. Harris, 
of St. Louis : well known because he is the editor of the "Journal 
of Speculative Philosophy" : This distinguished St. Louisan 
closed the meeting with an interesting speech. 

It may have been a year later: Enter a man who was. let 
us say rotund, rubicund, and genial, with a merry twinkle of the 
eye. That man was Thomas Davidson. At the close of the 
meeting he too was asked to speak, and, as it happened (you 
will have to pardon the personal reference), following a paper 

59 



which I had read, — for that was the evening of my terrifying 
debut as a philosopher before the Society. My youthful paper 
on Plato's Ethical Theory amused Thomas Davidson, — so much 
so, in fact, that he invited me to come over and have a talk at 
his hotel. The sequel was an invitation to visit him in a beauti- 
ful little villa on the hillsides of Domodossola, just over the 
Simplon, in Italy. 

He was there, after studying the medieval commentaries on 
Aristotle, to prepare a book on the modern Catholic philosojiher, 
Rosmini, who had cast a spell upon him. His learning had made 
its deep impression upon the scholarly people he had met in 
Rome, and he had every door thrown open to him. He had 
come here with his books and belongings in order to get what 
help he might from the Rosminians whose monastery was 
located in this spot. 

Davidson had an extraordinary sympathy with young fel- 
lows who seemed to be moving along the path which several 
of us were at that time exploring, the path that beckoned toward 
social renovation. On this theme we talked as we wandered 
over those mountain slopes. I feasted on his helpfulness and 
kindness, and learned to know the range of his scholarship and 
the religious earnestness of his spirit. He helped me in my 
beginner's Greek and Italian, and we indulged our common en- 
thusiasms for certain leaders of revolt and reconstruction. For 
Davidson was firmly convinced that a time had come in the 
development of society when those spirits who felt its short- 
comings and had any Utopian idealism should join together and 
form a society dedicated to the service of the new life of their 
vision. 

W hen he came back to London, not long after, we gathered 
together for him a group of kindred spirits, who met in his 
lodgings in Chelsea, near where Carlyle and George Eliot had 
lived. Out of these gatherings two organizations resulted : the 
first was called "The Fellowship of the New Life," — later, "The 
New Fellowship." Differences of opinion led to the friendly 
secession of the more politically-minded, of the group who pro- 
ceeded to form another organization which they called the 
Fabian Society, — a now famous body, which has recently played 
an imj^ortant role in helping to fornudate the program of the 
British Labor Party. 

That visit of his to London was made partly in order to see 

60 



through the press, books which Davidson had just produced. To 
one of these I must pay particular attention, because it forges 
that link which I spoke of between St. Louis and Europe. It is 
entitled, "The Parthenon Frieze and other Essays" ; and it has 
this dedication : — "To the memory of Arthur Amson (born in 
Missouri, July 1, 1855: died at Leipzig, July 7, 1875), whose 
early loss no future earthly gain can ever make good to me, — I 
dedicate these few gleanings from the field in which he was so 
eager and so well fitted to be a reaper, as a small tribute of an 
affection in which time has no inheritance." One of his school- 
boys of St. Louis, was this gifted youth, Arthur Amson. How 
far Davidson was responsible for his going abroad I am not sure ; 
but how deep and fine was his feeling for the lad is evidenced 
by this dedicatory sonnet, which opens another window upon 
Thomas Davidson's gifts, showing him to be a skilled poet: 

"Upon a broken tombstone of the Prime 

When youths, who loved the gods, were loved again 
And rapt from sight, two human forms remain. 

One, shrunk with years and hoary with their rime, 

Gropes for the hand of one who sits sublime 

And, calm in large-limbed youth, prepares to drain 
The cup of endless life. In vain ! in vain ! 

He cannot reach beyond the screen of time. 

So, Arthur, as our human years go by, 

I stand and blindly grope for thy dear hand, 
And listen for a whisper from thy tongue. 

In vain ! in vain ! I only hear Love cry : 

'He feasts with gods upon the eternal strand' ; 

For they in whom the gods delight die young.' " 

The scene now shifts from Europe to New York, where he 
later settled down to lecture and write. Here I joined him, to 
begin, with his generous assistance, my new life in this country. 
At the dock to greet me, amid the rejoicings of the 4th of July, 
he took me straight to the Summer School which he had estab- 
lished at Farmington, Connecticut, where he gathered a choice 
group of people. Many followed him in that second and more 
famous venture of his, the Summer School at Glenmore in the 
Adirondacks. Here is another link with St. Louis ; for among 
those who enjoyed his hospitality on the estate which he had 
bought, was his old friend Dr. William T. Harris, who erected 

61 




PERCIVAL CHUBB 

Popular Leader of the Ethical Society of St. Louis 



a cottage on it. There came other St. Louisans, including Miss 
Amelia Friichte, so well known to you here. 

Many people looked in upon him in his mountain home, 
where his life now centered. They delighted in the picturesque- 
ness of the man who, like a Scottish laird of his clan, was fre- 
quently seen in his kilts, and gave great delight by his recitations 
of Scottish poetry. Simplicity was the keynote of the life there, 
as it was of the man himself. Every morning he might be seen 
going to the little stream that trickled from the hill-top, his towel 
over his shoulder, to perform his ablutions before breakfast ; and 
at noon making for the pool at the brook for a bracing splash in 
its cold, cold waters. For the most engaging account of him in 
his habit as he lived there, I must refer you to that back number 
of McCiure's Magazine in which one of his most valued visitors, 
William James, paid the genial tribute of a friend and a philoso- 
pher to one of his compeers. 

The scene changes now to the lower East side of New York. 
Davidson had been invited, I think by Mr. Joseph Pulitzer, of 
St. Louis memory, whose friend he was, to speak to an East- 
side assemblage of young Jews. He was to give them a lecture 
on history. When he had finished, those young socialists, full of 
dogmatism and daring, "went for'' this up-town academician. 
When they had done pouring their hot shot into him, he replied. 
He had been much interested. They had been very dogmatic ; 
and he could tell them that for much of what they had said there 
was no basis of fact. They were evidently ignorant of history, 
and had not earned the right by the study of it to have an opinion 
about most of the things they had discussed. But he liked their 
spirit. If they were willing to learn, he was willing to teach. 
They accepted the invitation, and thence came the establishment 
of The Bread Winners' College. There was a complete cur- 
<iculum in the humanities there. Davidson worked night and 
day in this new cause. I once heard him say, "I consider thAt 
everything I have done up to this time has been but a prepara- 
tion tor this work." He spent himself royally on those young 
men and women. ■ Later on, he mvited them to (jie-nnioi-e, and 
some of them came. It was his intention to devote that beauti- 
ful Academe to this work : but he died before he had matured 
the plan. 

After Davidson died I was honored by an invitation to help 
out with those young people. Every Saturday night the assem- 

65 



bly room of the Bread Winners' College was filled to capacity 
with an eager throng, books in hand. We studied the poem 
which Thomas Davidson ranked with Homer's epics, Dante's 
Divine Comedy and Goethe's "Faust" as epochal — Tennyson's 
"In Memoriam," using Davidson's own commentary on it, 
still the most stimulating among many. Here was conclusive 
testimony as to the power of his influence. 

He died learning, and teaching. He was buried in that 
beloved place, up in the woods among the birches and the firs, 
at Glenmore. I do not recall the exact words of the tablet set in 
the boulder which marks the spot ; but it always suggests another 
tablet — that on which Ruskin pays this tribute to the memory of 
his father: "He was an entirely honest merchant." Of Davidson 
I would say, "He was an entirely honest scholar" — fearlessly 
honest. I never knew him to make a compromise with the truth 
as he saw it. If anything, he was too militant. He had an un- 
faltering courage. 

Let me close, as I began, on this note. I am here today 
to pay my tribute to that great man, to his surviving friend, Dr. 
Snider, and to their friends of that early St. Louis group. He 
and they endured to the end. They made no capitulation to 
the mighty material forces that so often array themselves against 
those ideals which to Davidson and his friends were of supreme 
worth — knowledge, truth, justice ; and the courage to live by 
these. 



66 




ADOLPH ERNST KROEGER 



Adolph Ernst Kroeger 

From an Address Given by His Son, Professor E. R. Kroeger 

He was born December 28th, 1837 at Schwabstadt, Schles- 
wig. His father, the Rev. Jacob Kroeger, a Lutheran clergy- 
man, was obliged in the revolutionary turmoil of 1848 to come 
to this country bringing with him his family, his son Adolph 
being then about eleven years of age. The family settled down 
on a farm near Davenport, Iowa. From that time till the de- 
ceased was fifteen years old, his father, an eminent scholar, super- 
intended his son's education. At the age last mentioned Mr. 
Kroeger entered the banking office of Cook and Sargent, in 
Davenport. While there he devoted his leisure hours to literary 
and philosophical studies. In 1858 he went to New York and 
obtained a position as editorial writer on the New York Times. 
The following year he was sent to St. Louis by that paper as its 
correspondent, which position he occupied until the outbreak 
of the war, when he was appointed on the stafif of Gen. Fremont 
as Lieutenant. He was afterward promoted to be Captain. He 
remained on Gen. Fremont's stafif until the latter was superseded. 
In September, 1861, he married Miss Eliza B. Curren, the 
daughter of an English civil engineer. He devoted himself en- 
tirely to literary pursuits, especially in establishing, in con- 
junction with Mr. Wm. T. Harris, the Journal of Speculative 
Philosophy, to which he was from the first an active and valued 
contributor. Perhaps his greatest literary effort was his transla- 
tion of Fichte's "Science of Knowledge" and "Science of Rights'', 
both of which were an entire success and were regarded by 
critics as remarkable productions of these great German works. 
After his death, the publishers issued his translation of Fichte's 
"Science of Morals". Subsequently, he translated a great num- 
ber of German love songs of the Minnesinger period, a volume 
of which was published by Hurd and Houghton, under the title 
of "The Minnesingers of Germany". The poet Longfellow 
greatly esteemed Mr. Kroeger's peculiar talent for translating 
the productions of the Minnesingers, and in a volume of transla- 
tions from various languages Mr. Longfellow embodied several 
of Mr. Kroeger's translations, commending them very highly. 
To all of the St. Louis newspapers Mr. Kroeger contributed 
from time to time valuable articles. Among those were the 

69 




E. R. KROEGER 



Missouri Republican, the old Democrat, the St. Louis Times, 
the Globe-Democrat, etc. Mr. Kroeger also wrote many articles 
for the Southern Magazine, the Boston Commonwealth and 
other monthly periodicals. As a Musical Critic Mr, Kroeger 
had rare judgment, and in that branch of art he was profoundly 
versed. Mr. Kroeger was a man of singularly bright and clear 
intellect, a true philosopher and scholar, one who was esteemed 
and respected by such men as Emerson. Longfellow, and others. 
He died March 8th, 1882 in his forty-fifth year. His widow 
survived him over twenty-five years. The date of her death 
was November 1st, 1907. There were four children, all born at 
Saint Louis. They were as follows : Ernest Richard, Alice 
Bertha, (died October 31st, 1909), Julia Beatrice, (died April 
16th, 1921), Adolph Evelyn. 

The following tribute by David H. MacAdam published in 
the Missouri Republican, April 16th, 1882 is appended. 

"The Journal of Speculative Philosophy, conducted and, 
indeed, originated by Professor W. T. Harris, afforded a for- 
tunate opportunity to the ever active mind of Kroeger, and for 
several years he was one of the most valuable contributors. 
He supplied many admirable translations from the German phi- 
losophers, his work being marked by singular lucidity and force 
of language. He was also the author of several original essays 
that appeared in this periodical. Mr. Harris, one of the most 
acute philosophic minds that this country has produced, was 
quick to appreciate the genius of Kroeger and happily extended 
to him the very best opportunity for addressing the thoughtful. 
Through the pages of this journal he became known abroad and 
had many admirers among the learned circles of the East. In 
1873 he published "The Minnesinger of Germany", being a 
volume of translations from the early poetic literature of Ger- 
many, rendered in the form of English verse, accompanied by 
critical notes and historical explanations. The volume was pub- 
lished by Hurd & Houghton in New York, and in London ap- 
peared under the auspices of Trubner & Co. The learning it 
displayed upon a somewhat obscure subject and the rare felicity 
of the translations, together with the skill evinced in English 
versification, at once commanded attention. The poet Long- 
fellow personally complimented the author, who, if he did not 
acquire much pecuniary advantage from the volume, certainly 
extended his reputation and made a valuable and enduring con- 
tribution to literature. Among the mass of our citizens, how- 

72 




p. G. ANTON 



Preceding his address. Prof. E. R. Kroeger rendered on the piano, 

accompanied by Prof. P. G. Anton on cello, the andante 

movement of one of his own compositions that 

was received with great applause. 



ever, Kroeger became best known by his articles in the Repub- 
Hcan, which embraced a large variety of subjects. He was a 
German, but he preferred to write and think in the language of 
the country of which he was a citizen, and by this wise course 
the number of his readers and his influence were greatly ex- 
tended. In an intellectual sense he fitly represented the rich, 
strong genius which the German race has contributed to Ameri- 
can Society. Within the last twenty years what a brilliant com- 
pany of writers and thinkers have appeared in St. Louis and 
vicinity in connection with that portion of our population ! 
Muench, Bernays, Kroeger, Hecker, Schurz, Brockmeyer, Boer- 
stein, Palm, Koerner, Kribben and others, without naming the 
talented gentlemen now associated with the German press. 
Several of those named were writers for the Republican, and 
became generally known through its columns. For brilliant 
and miscellaneous literary work Kroeger stands pre-eminent 
among German-American writers, and in power to grasp pure 
philosophical ideas was rarely equalled." 



77 




I I 

J. GABRIEL WOERNER 



The Early St. Louis Movement 

Some of the Early Leaders 

By William F. Woerner 

The honor of participating" in this commemoration of the 
"Early St. Louis Movement" on this SOth birthday anniversary 
of Dr. Denton J. Snider, doubtless has been accorded me not be- 
cause of individual activities therein on my part, but because 
of the good fortune that has been mine in having come in such 
close contact with the great leaders of that movement in my 
own father's home. 

There may be many who may be referred to as having been 
participants in that peculiar movement. But to me the four 
great pillars that are the main support of the great intellectual 
structure that we today commemorate loom up as the giant 
minds of Henry Clay Brockmeyer, William Torrey Harris, J. 
Gabriel Woerner and Denton Jaques Snider. These four were 
men of totally diverse personality, individuality, appearance and 
environment, yet they met upon the same common ground of a 
supreme intellectual and spiritual world ; their very differences 
made for the great profit of each during their joint lives, marked 
by a close and beautiful friendship extending over half a century. 

Three of these intellectual giants long ago passed away to 
that bourne from which no traveler returneth. Though death 
has claimed them, yet are they deathless. Though their voices 
are hushed, yet do they speak forever. And so will it be with 
him who is still physically with us in the full vigor of his strong 
mentality. 

The so-called "St. Louis Movement" was no spectacular 
event heralded by trumpets and clamor, but it was and is of 
more far-reaching consequence in the intellectual life of our city 
and our time than the product of any hundred mere millionaires 
that ever lived in the world. The millionaire lives and dies and 
is gone. The thinker lives and his spirit never dies. 

All four of these men were philosophers of the highest type. 
Yet not one of them lived the life of an esoteric spiritual hermit, 
apart from the world, in the realm only of abstract thought. For 
each of them knew the force of what all the disciples of Dr. 

81 



Snider so often heard from him, that a man lives a true and 
useful life only as he imparts what is best in him to others, that 
he must universalize himself to the extent that his human limi- 
tations permit. And each of these four men appreciated that no 
spiritual principle or ideal, how^ever true as an abstraction, has 
indeed any reality unless it finds its application to the concrete 
in life — unless it has its incidence upon some human relation- 
ship. Or, to use the philosophical nomenclature, the universal 
has no existence without the particular in which it finds ex- 
pression. In this sense there can not only be no Creation with- 
out the Creator, but no Creator without Creation ; no only not 
Man without God, but not God without Man created in his 
image; not onlv must the true "particular be raised to its uni- 
versal consecration", but the universal must be truly reflected 
in the particular. 

Governor Brockmeyer perhaps was endowed with a mind 
as profound as any of these four. It is certain, however, that 
he imparted to the world in a less degree the fruits of his great 
genius than did the others. But he did exert a powerful in- 
fluence upon the lives of his three friends, who in turn passed 
it on to the world at large. It is characteristic of the man that in 
his younger years he fled from all human society and, while 
living a hermit in the woods, read and translated into English 
from the original German that most difficult and jjrofound of the 
Hegelian works, the "Larger Logic". The work as translated 
has unfortunately never been printed, though it is now intact 
in possession of the Chairman of this meeting. Brockmeyer's 
was probably the only mind that had the grasp equal to this 
stupendous task. 

Dr. William T. Harris, brother of our worthy chairman, 
honored St. Louis by his presence from 1857 to LS.SO, and be- 
came a man of international fame as an educator. He left his 
mark indelibly in a number of directions, but so far as St. Louis 
is concerned he achieved his most effective results as superin- 
tendent of the public schools here up to 1880. The direction 
and management of the public schools is the highest trust con- 
fided to a democracy. The life of the republic in the future 
depends upon the training of the youth of each preceding genera- 
tion. The work of Dr. Harris in this field is of inestimable 
benefit today. It seems like a crime against the children of this 
day and a betrayal of our most cherished hopes and ideals, that 

82 




WM.IF. WOERNER 



the sinister interference of selfish politicians threatens the effici- 
ency of our school system today and has forced the withdrawal 
of the present splendidly able and competent Superintendent, 
John \y. Withers. 

I will not here discuss, but leave it to others, the activities 
of my father, J. Gabriel Woerner, in connection with the early 
participants in the "St. Louis Movement." But I may say that 
the effect of his studies of the Hegelian philosophy is distinctly 
traceable in, if not the inspiration of, his great law book, "The 
American Law of Administration." And perhaps I may be 
pardoned in saying- that this work is the pioneer book on probate 
law in America, that it is an authority recognized to the four 
corners of the Republic. 

And it is appropriate on this occasion further to say that in 
his novel "The Rebel's Daughter," Judge Woerner portrays 
with startling vividness some of the individuals of "The St. 
Louis Movement" whom he knew so well. Indeed nearly all 
the characters of that novel are veiled characters taken from real 
life. In the Victor 'W'aldhorst of the novel he gives a picture 
of himself and of his own life up to the Civil War. And no one 
who knew Brockmeyer can fail to see him depicted in the Rauen- 
fels of the novel, nor fail to see Dr. Snider in the character of 
Dr. Taylor, nor Dr. W. T. Harris in that of Professor Altrue. 

And now for the last of this quarternary, our Dr. Denton 
J. Snider, our guest of today. We are gratified that he has been 
spared us in person, and that we have this opportunity to do him 
honor. He has, like a thread of golden thought, run through 
this "St. Louis Movement" from its inception down to the 
present ; in fact, he is identified with it as its soul. I knew him 
when I was a boy, when he came to my father's house as he did 
to his own. He was my instructor at Central High School ; I 
was with the private classes he led in his works ; I was a mem- 
ber of his public courses and lectures. I have read his works, 
of which there are about half a hundred. I have had the honor 
of myself leading one of the classes studying his works, and I 
say that in my humble judgment he is a man who in the in- 
tellectual world stands today with hardly a living peer. The 
perusal of his books is alone and in itself a liberal education for 
his readers. 

His genius is comprehensive and more diversified than that 

85 



of any author, living- or dead. In his works he has traveled 
and illumined the whole literary field. They cover the com- 
mentaries on the world's four literary bibles, Homer, Dante, 
Shakespeare, Goethe ; the world of poetry, of ancient and modern 
philosoph}-, of European and American History, of American 
Constitutional Law, of Social Institutions, of fiction of a high 
order, of biography, of autobiography, of Architecture, of Music 
and the Fine Arts, of the "St. Louis Movement" itself. And 
in some realms of thoug^ht he is still the sole pioneer and dis- 
coverer, the Columbus of a New World of Thought, namely the 
Sniderian psychology. Therein he transcends even the Hegel- 
ian philosophy and makes an epoch in human thought that will 
be more truly appreciated a century hence than in our own times. 



86 




PROFESSOR FRANCIS E. COOK 



Reflections on the Early Movement 

By Professor Francis E. Cook. 

At one of its earliest meetings, on motion of Dr. Harris, 
I was chosen President of the Kant Club, an honor which was 
continued and became permanent ; let me, therefore, say that I 
deem Mr. Schuyler's record in Washington University Bulletin 
1893-4: so satisfactory as to leave little for me to add; it is sub- 
stantially correct. Allow me to say, however, that our proceed- 
ings were not entirely given over to high and hard thinking, 
our closing moments being generally characterized by relaxation 
and jollity ; as an instance of which let me cite the following : — 
One evening, just before adjournment, I happened to reiuark 
that it was reported in the press that Tennyson, the poet, had 
declined a Baronetcy — which act — I presumed was prompted 
by his "Kind hearts are more than coronets" conviction. To 
this Dr. Holland demurred, saying that "The declension was 
probably because the title was not high enough, saying, if 
Victoria had offered to make him a Lord, or an Earl, he would 
not then have declined." Here Mr. Garland, an inveterate and 
happy punster, joined in, saying, in his inimitable way, "I see 
now more vividly than ever before the deeper significance of that 
line of the poet. "Call me Earl-y, mother dear !" Dr. Holland 
adding "And how tenderly the poet alludes, in that line; to the 
'Queen-mother.' " 

By the way. Dr. Holland's remark proved prophetic, for 
Tennyson did eventually accept the title. Lord, when offered. 

Again, it was always delightful to note the altruistic at- 
titude of these high thinkers. Dr. Harris remarking that he con- 
sidered Dr. Snider's commentaries on Shakespeare's dramas, as 
great, in the field of ethical criticism as Shakespeare was in the 
realm of dramatic poetry — and Dr. Snider, in referring to Dr. 
Harris' splendid report, as Lhiited States Commissioner of Edu- 
cation, on the "Correlation of Studies," pronounces it — "the 
masterpiece of its author, the greatest educational document 
that America has produced, and ranking very high in the Avorld's 
literature of education. More profoundly than any pedagogical 
writer hitherto, this author grounds the elementary branches 

89 




REV. DR. R. A. HOLLAND 



of the Common School upon their infinite value in unfolding the 
pupil without neglecting their finite value in the utilities of 
human life." 

Dr. Harris was the founder of the Kant Club, and as its 
former President, I wish to call your attention to what I have 
done to have what I deem a most fitting inscription, taken from 
his essay on Dante, placed upon a memorial tablet at the Harris 
Teachers College. 

This I have suggested already to the late Superintendent 
of Instruction, Ben Blewett, also to Ex-Superintendent, Dr. John 
W. Withers, also to Dr. E. George Payne, Principal of the 
Teachers College, and to several others. I repeat it here, hoping 
that some of your number may see fit to co-operate, if you agree 
with me, in bringing to pass this, to my thinking, consummation 
devoutly to be wished. 

"To the soul who has learned so much of the freedom of the 
will as permits him to see that all influences from its environ- 
ment — all the arrows of fate, all the stings of fortune — may be 
made use of by the soul to purify itself — to such a soul no evil 
can happen. He has solved the problem of life." 

This account must certainly include the revered atid -lis- 
tinguished name of the late Dr. William M. Bryant, who entered 
our circle eminent as a Scientist, and who, under the compelling 
influence of our Club, ran rapidly to the generally recognized 
highest rank in Philosophy and Universal Psychology, as is 
attested by the following list of his published writings : — "The 
World Energy and its Self-conservation," "The Philosophy of 
Landscape Painting," "Goethe as a Representative of the Modern 
Art .Spirit," "Historical Presuppositions and Foreshadowings of 
Dante's Divine Comedy," "Eternity, a Hand in the Weaving of a 
Life," "A Syllabus of Psychology," "A Syllabus of Ethics," "Pos- 
sibilities of a Pedagogical Society" (his famous reorganization of 
the Society of Pedagogy on lines of University extension.) "The 
American Scheme of State Education," "Hegel's Philosophy of 
Art, Translation with Introduction," and "A Textbook of Psy- 
chology" (in preparation at the time of his death). All this, 
despite the presence of constant neuralgic pain, under which 
many another would have bent and broken. It was indeed a joy 
to have known this heroic soul and to have had the blessed 

93 




WM. M. BRYANT 



benefit of the encouraging ideas that came from his sympathetic 
and stimulating voice and pen. 

Now we come to and conchide with this, our tribute to the 
very great man whose birth-anniversary we are met to com- 
memorate. Dr. Denton J. Snider, on his return to our city, 
completed and crowned the St. Louis Movement by his great 
Trilogy or better, Organon of feeling, will and intellect through 
which he psychologized the worlds of nature, life, man and psy- 
chology itself, by lifting it out of its time-worn place as a de- 
partment of Philosophy into the all inclusive realm of its own. 
thus reaching beyond that "Mighty architectonic genius, 
Hegel," himself, and making his Universal Psychology the un- 
doubted discipline of the Occident America, as Philosophy has 
been the discipline of Europe and Religion, that of the Orient— 
His "Psychosis." human, and divine ("Pampsychosis"), are 
unquestionably the last words in the solution of all the possi- 
bilities of self-activity on the way to God, Freedom and Immor- 
tality, and it is a source of the greatest gratification that I was 
])ermitted to play an humble part in this culmination of the St. 
Louis Movement and to have received the recognition and ap- 
probation of the very great thinker, to whom I owe more, in- 
tellectually, than any other man I have ever known. 

To me three names, representing three indissoluble person- 
alities, stand out alone in connection with the St. Louis Move- 
ment, Brockmeyer, Harris and Snider, constituting a triple-star 
in the firmament of pure thought, each resplendent with its own 
light. 

Who can g'auge their mighty influence, as time's last eons 
onward roll? 



97 



The Influence of the Early Movement on 
Education 

By W. J. S. Bryan. 

(It is greatly regretted that the loss of this paper by the 
writer has prevented its publication in this report. 

In part of the unused space allotted to it we have given from 
another source a brief tribute to Dr. Harris' influence as an 
Educator and executive : — ) 

"Dr. Harris' administration of the St. Louis Public Schools 
was remarkable for its conversion of a jelly-fish-organism into 
a giant with bones. 

"He was the most practical, the most constructive-minded, 
scholarly man I ever knew. 

"He was great in all the qualities that go to make up an 
ideal manager. 

"He comprehended the value of Greek thought and life, 
joined with a profound knowledge of the Roman World." 

"Dr. Harris was familiar with the religious writings of the 
world, the educational systems, the philosophies, the worlds' 
great literatures ; music and the other fine arts, physics and 
natural science. He excelled in higher mathematics, he was 
interested in astronomy and constructed telescopes in earlier 
years with which he could see the belts of Saturn and the moons 
of Jupiter and other objects beyond ordinary vision. 

"He Confirmed Goethes' theory of colors and studied out a 
new explanation of the action of the Gyroscope. 

"As an outcome of this vast knowledge he introduced an 
"Oral Course of Lessons in Natural Science" into all of the ward 
schools of the city. 

"Through his influence copies of the worlds' great masters in 
sculpture and painting were placed in the school buildings. The 
musical curriculum was expanded and improved by the intro- 
duction of classic music. 

He paid careful attention to the temperature, humidity, 
ventilation and lighting of the school buildings. 

"Sometime the historian of the future will, when calling the 
roll of Americas' most distinguished sons, write the name of 
Wm. T. Harris high in the list." 

98 



The Early Journals, Magazines and Writers 

of St. Louis 

By 
Alexander N. DeMenil. 

Dr. DeMenil gave a very interestincr account of the early 
journals and mag-azines, together with the early writers of St. 
Louis. 

No one seems better acquainted with these interesting facts, 
but for want of copy it is regretted that we are compelled to omit 
publication in this report. 



99 




DR. FRANK GECKS 



Development of Music in St. Louis 

By Frank Geeks. 

It is good for us to sometimes pause and use a little retro- 
spection ; to temper the pride we take in our achievements wi*:h 
acknowledgment of what our predecessors have done. 

The City of St. Louis was founded, not by adventurous 
])ioneers, but by cultured people. The French who settled here 
brought with them the culture of their home country, and a 
great part of that culture was a love of music. Family groups 
and occasionally larger gatherings cultivated the art of music 
and we can truly say that there never, in the history of our 
City, was a lack of musical endeavor. 

In 1839 Henry 'Weber and his daughter Theresa, a splendid 
])ianist, came to St. Louis, and were soon followed by Charles 
Balmer. Theresa Weber became the wife of Balmer and they, 
together with Henry Weber, were great factors in the up-build- 
ing of music in the City. As early as 1839 they founded an or- 
chestra, which, we can imagine, was a very small one, but never- 
theless an orchestra. 

In the 40's of the 19th century, and especially after the rev- 
olutions of '48 in Europe, when a flood of German scholars and 
cultured people from other countries came to America, many 
of them found their way to St. Louis and an added impetus was 
given to the development of musical societies. It was a matter 
of course that artists fromi abroad, violinists, pianists, singers, 
were induced to come to St. Louis. 

In 1850 William and Henry Robyn founded the Polyhymnia 
Orchestra, composed of a small group of professional musicians 
and a number of amateurs, doctors, lawyers, business men and 
students, all interested in music, giving no thought to financial 
remuneration, but through sheer love of music, studying orches- 
tral compositions. 

In 1845 Charles Balmer founded the first Oratorio Society 
in the City, and the Creation, the Messiah and other great choral 
works were brought to the people. When a few years later the 
Oratorio Society disbanded because of the lack of funds, which 

103 



seems to be the chronic trouble of such organizations, the Caecilia 
Society was established. And always when such organizations 
would crumble, others would spring into being and the interest 
was constantly kept alive. 

In 1846 the first German singing society, The St. Louis 
Saengerbund, was founded and I need not tell you how many 
such organizations eventually came into existence. They served 
to spread musical culture to all parts of the City. Many of them 
were composed of men in the more humble walks of life who de- 
voted at least one night each week to singing the best of music. 

In 1853 the Germania Orchestra of New York, under the 
direction of Carl Bergman, visited St. Louis and gave a series 
of concerts that gave fresh impetus to the musical life of the 
Citv. Traveling Opera companies paid frequent visits and finally 
in 1858 was founded the Philharmonica Society the first attempt 
at an organization on a large scale to produce the best choral 
and instrumental works in the literature of music. Its director, 
Edward Sobolewski. l:)orn in Konigsberg and educated in music 
by the great Weber in Dresden, was a great musician and a 
splendid organizer. Through his ability and his fine personality 
he developed a first class chorus and a splendid orchestra. 

When in 1866 Sobolewski resigned, Egmont Froelich was 
brought from Stuttgart to take his place. He held the position 
until the society disbanded in 1869. 

In the "70s a German opera company played at the Apollo 
Theatre on Fourth and Poplar Streets and, small though it was. 
splendid performances were given which were a great boon to 
the community. 

At the same time Hans Balatka became director of several 
German singing societies. He was a splendid musician and 
an indefatigable worker, and arranged many high class concerts. 

During the 'TOs Severin Sauter, with whom I had the honor 
to study, organized the Haydn Orchestra, an amateur organiza- 
tion which, with the assistance of professional musicians, gave 
a series of concerts each winter. During the summer months 
concerts were given at various gardens in the City and in the 
course of time, Schnaider's Garden on Mississippi Avenue and 
Hickory Street became the fashionable resort. These summer 
concerts had always been small ai¥airs and most of them by 
brass bands. 

104 



In 1880 the proprietor of Schnaider's Garden suggested to 
a group of the foremost musicians that they organize an orches- 
tra. The suggestion was carried out and the musicians organized 
the St. Louis Grand Orchestra of some 25 members and chose 
one of their number, Louis Mayer, director, and that was the 
beginning of our Symphony Orchestra. The Orchestra met 
with great success and in 1881 was augmented to thirty-five men 
which was a blessing to quite a number of us, who, though onH^ 
boys, were taken into the organization. 

August Waldauer and Dabney Carr frequently heard the 
orchestra play and its artistic progress prompted them to in- 
stitute a series of symphony concerts during the winter of 1881- 
83 and these concerts have not been discontinued since then. 

At this time the Choral Society, under Joseph Otten, gave 
several concerts with the orchestra each winter, and these two 
institutions continued their activities separately for some ten 
years and then combined as the Choral Symphony Society. Some 
ten years later the chorus was disbanded and the present Sym- 
phony Society was organized. 

That small group of musicians who. in 1880 founded the 
Grand Orchestra, and whose endeavors were indeed a labor of 
love, as the monetary return was ridiculously small, laid the 
foundation for our splendid orchestra, and through their incen- 
tive we are where we are today. 

I regret that I have not the time to go into detail. I could 
only give a very cursory resume of musical endeavor in our 
City, but, if I have called attention to the outstanding features 
and have perhaps caused some of you to want to investigate a 
little further. I shall have accomplished what 1 desired. 



105 




ARTHUR E. BOSTWICK 
Present Librarian of the Public Library 



The St. Louis Public Library 

Arthur E. Bostwick. 

(Our great public library began as "The Public School 
Library," under the leadership of Superintendent Ira Divoll, ably 
assisted by his associate, Assistant Superintendent W. T. Harris, 
and Miss Alice Bertha Kroeger, the latter serving seven years 
as librarian. 

Later it came under the management of Frederick Morgan 
Crunden who, ably held this position for about thirty years. In 
reference to the liberal gifts to the library that have enabled it 
to expand and so adequately meet the great demands of the 
different sections of our growing city it is said ''Andrew Carnegie 
gave his millions and Mr. Crunden gave his life." 

Since 1909 Dr. Arthur E. Bostwick has ably conducted this 
important interest. His brief report of the work is presented 
here : — ) 

This library now includes 607,617 books, housed in a large 
central building and in 10 branches or sub-branches, and also in 
temporary deposits in large numbers of schools, clubs, societies, 
and in industrial and commercial plants. Through all these 
agencies and through about sixty delivery stations in drug 
stores and groceries, the library now distributes yearly for home 
use more than 2.000,000 volumes. 

Its buildings have become to an interesting extent commun- 
ity centers, and are looked upon by nearby residents as places 
where it is natural to assemble for all sorts of purposes — social, 
educational, political, religious, and so on. In about 15 rooms 
in the system, there are held during the year over 4,000 meetings 
of these and other types. At the next election three of the branch 
libraries are to be used as voting places by special request of 
the Board of Election Commissioners. 

The Library maintains a municipal reference branch at the 
City Hall especially for the information and aid of members oi 
the city government. 

Its work with children is especially note-worthy, more than 
1,000,000 volumes being given out to young people yearly in 
rooms at the central and branch libraries, specially equipped 

111 




FREDERICK MAN CRUNDEN 



for this purpose. Careful attention is given to the selection and 
purchase of children's books. 

The Library has departments devoted to works on art, 
architecture and decoration, on the applied sciences, including 
eng-ineering, technology and music, including scores of standard 
and current compositions. 

It is planning in co-operation with the Board of Education 
to establish fully equipped branch libraries in three newly erected 
school buildings. 

The Library has taken active part in Americanization work 
and its aim is to create interest and to g'ive service in every work 
that looks towards community education and betterment. 



115 



Copy of a Letter Written to Dr. Snider 

BY REV. JAMES W. LEE. 



St. Louis, Mo., November 15, 1918. 

My Dear Dr. Snider, — 

T had a long- talk last Monday with a group of our preachers 
about you and your contributions, and among other things I 
stated that if I didn't have my hands full of work, I would spend 
my time the rest of my days in awakening interest in your 
writings, because they had to do with a realm of thought and 
of being that we were under the necessity of coming into, if 
we were to ever get anywhere as a people or as a race ; that you 
had given a program of individual, social and political life that 
was not merely speculative, but was rather a series of reports 
from one with sufficient spiritual insight to enable him to see 
what had to be. I think it was Hegel who described himseli, 
not as arbitrarily writing a philosophy, but as a reporter of the 
nature of reality. 

I advised the young men to get at once and read your 
books, and I do not propose to miss an opportunity to let minis- 
ters and others know of the vast value of your remarkable writ- 
ings. As I read them more and more myself, I am all the better 
prepared to recognize what Dr. \\'m. T. Harris used to say to me 
about their value. I belong to a ministers' club here of about 
eighteen of the leading preachers of the city, representing all 
denominations, and I propose at my next time to read a paper, to 
consider the value of your writings. 

I have started on a review of your life work, and am sending 
you a page or two of the first part. 

With all good wishes, I am 

Sincerely yours, 

JAMES W. LEE. 



119 



Most Remarkable Man 

By Rev. James W. Lee, 
Chaplain, Barnes Hospital. 

Measured by the philosophical and psychological wealth he 
has given to the world. Dr. Denton J. Snider of St. Louis is today 
the most remarkable man alive on the planet. Those who are 
not acquainted with him might suppose, upon first reading a 
statement like this, that it was somewhat exaggerated, but those 
who know the man, as 1 have known him for thirty years, will 
agree with me completely in the statement. 

Dr. Snider was born at Mount Gilead, Ohio, January 9, 1811, 
so he will be seventy-eight years of age the ninth day of January 
1919. He is the author of more than fifty volumes of books 
covering fields of thought, of the existence of which only a few 
people have any knowledge. 

Emerson said that IMato could be read by only about one 
thousand people in any generation, but that this thousand in- 
fluenced ten thousand below them, and that ten thousand in- 
fluenced one hundred thousand below them, and that one 
hundred thousand influenced a million below them, and that mil- 
lion influenced millions below them, until finally Plato had such 
a wonderful hold upon the thought of mankind that there was 
not a laborer who plowed the fields but wore liis hat one way 
rather than another because of what Plato said. 

So while Dr. Snider is not well-known, except to university 
professors and thinkers, he is still having influence such as Emer- 
son represents Plato as having, because Dr. Snider has spent his 
life in the philosophical fields first explored in a great way by 
Plato and Aristotle. He will be far better known, a thousand 
years from today, than he is now^ 

I make a pilgrimage to his house now and then, just to 
get a glimpse of the livest man in the realms of thought I know. 
Though he only lacks two years of being eighty years of age, 
he is as young, seemingly, intellectually, as if he were but forty. 

If I had money enough, I would be glad to place all the 
books he has written in every university and college in this 

120 



country, and en(k»\v a professorship for the teaching" of his phil- 
osophy. He is as orthodox as the laws of gravity and the 
multiplication table, though he does not arbitrarily set out to be 
orthodox with malice aforethought. He is orthodox because he 
has the intuition and the mental grasp which enables him to 
see clearly the way things are going, and there is not a sentence 
in any one of his books that contradicts the fashion God has 
followed in building the universe and in making man the highest 
expression of his handiwork. 



121 




MISS SUSAN E. BLOW 




125 



Miss Susan Blow and the Kindergarten 

By Miss Mary C. McCulloch. 

The chairman introduced as the next speaker Miss Mary 
C. McCulloch, who spoke on Miss Susan E. Blow and the Kinder- 
garten. By way of introduction Mr. Harris said : 

Miss McCulloch is one of the few persons present who has 
enjoyed the privilege of being a student at the Concord School 
of Philosophy where she mingled with such delightful people 
as Emerson, Alcott, Davidson, Miss Blow, Miss Peabody, W. T. 
Harris and others. She also attended the Literary School con- 
ducted by Thomas Davidson in the Adirondack Mountains at 
Glenmore, also many philosophic and literary classes in St. Louis. 

Next to Miss Blow herself, pioneer of the Kindergarten work 
in St. Louis, she has nobly devoted her life to this department 
of Education. She is the supervisor of all the public kindergar- 
tens in our city and has held this position for many years. 

Miss McCulloch has served as president of The St. Louis 
Froebel Society, also president of The Kindergarten Depart- 
ment of the National Educational Association and is a charter 
member of The International Kindergarten Union, and was 
chosen for its first secretary. She has also held all of its im- 
portant offices in this world-known organization, including the 
Presidency, and has served in many committees, loyally and 
efficiently. Miss McCulloch spoke as follows: 
Ladies and Gentlemen : 

To the untiring efforts of Mr. David H. Harris, Chairman 
of this meeting, we, who are gathered here, are indebted for the 
privilege and pleasure of coming together to fittingly recognize 
the eightieth birthday of Dr. Denton J. Snider. 

His genius and literary ability are recognized all over the 
world. As I listened to Mr. Block's reminiscences of the Concord 
School of Philosophy I recalled the fact that it was there that 
Miss Susan E, Blow gave me an opportunity to meet and hear 
Dr. Snider, whom I found in a circle of great thinkers — ^Emerson, 
Alcott, Dr. Wm. T. Harris, and Miss Elizabeth Peabody, a 
pioneer kindergarten worker. Later I became an appreciative 

127 



student in classes organized by Miss Blow and received great 
inspiration from Dr. Snider's interpretation of Homer, Dante, 
Shakespeare and Goethe. 

To Miss Susan E. Blow and Dr. William T. Harris honor 
and gratitude belong for one of the greatest achievements the 
history of the St. Louis Public Schools records, namely, the 
introduction of the kindergarten into the public schools. Miss 
Blow contributed to this achievement a mind aflame with a new 
educational ideal, an ardent enthusiasm, and untiring devotion 
to the cause of the "New Education." Dr. Harris aided the 
kindergarten in its experimental stage with his clear insight 
into the educational ]jrinciples upon which the kindergarten is 
based, his wise counsel and cordial co-operation in all that would 
contribute to the success of the new methods. 

In September, ]S73, Miss I'low, having spent a year in New 
York with Mrs. :Maria Kraus Boelte studying the kindergarten, 
returned to her native city imbued with an appreciation of the 
Froebelian ideals of education. She was eager to test them with 
a group of little children and offered to the Board of Education 
her services gratuitously to make the experiment. This offer 
was accepted and a room in the Des Peres School placed at her 
disposal. Thus did the kindergarten find its way not only into 
every public school in St. Louis, but also into all the public 
schools of large cities of the country where the kindergarten is 
now recognized as an essential part of the educational system. 
There are men and women who have happy memories of their 
experiences as little children in, this first public kindergarten. 
They recall with appreciation Miss Blow's sympathetic response 
to the needs of each one of the children under her care as she 
worked and played with them in an atmosphere of joyous activi- 
ty, and thev recognized the beginnings made in intellectual and 
moral habits that have contributed to the usefulness and hap- 
piness of their lives. ^lanv visitors found their way to the Des 
Peres Kinderg-arten inl the early days, — ^mothers to tell of the 
good results of the training of their children, young women to 
discover in the new work a vocation that appealed and develop- 
ed the best within them. Educators from far and near were 
attracted to this school in Carondelet by the reports of the work 
that had been successfully inaugurated. They returned to their 
home cities with enthusiastic endorsement of what they had 
observed. This resulted later in bring-ing to our city earnest 

128 



students of the kindergarten who have liecome representative 
kindergarten leaders. Thus there radiated from the Des Peres 
Kindergarten influences that have blessed children, young- 
women, and mothers and proved a spiritual uplift to the com- 
munity. 

To indicate the open-minded spirit in which Miss Blow 
began her great work I quote the following from her first report 
to the Superintendent of Public Schools : 

"It is in the question of method that Froebel is superior to 
other educational reformers. I do not agree with the kindergar- 
ten enthusiasts who can see no light save their own sun. I do 
not think Froebel has announced principles which are not, at 
least, implied in the writings of other philosophic educators, but 
I do feel that he has shown great originality and wonderful in- 
sight in his application of principles, and that his answer to the 
question 'How shall we meet the necessities of the child?' is the 
most complete and comprehensive which has yet been given. 
* * * Personally, I feel that the strongest claim to the kin- 
dergarten is the happiness it produces. If we create in children 
a love for Avork we shall have no difficulty in making them per- 
sistently industrious. If we can make children love intellectual 
efTort we shall prolong habits of study beyond school years, and 
if we can insure to children every day four hours of pleasurable 
activity without excitement, we lay a foundation for a strong, 
contented disposition." 

In 1877 Miss Blow spent a year in Europe studying with 
Baroness Marenholz Bulow and visiting German kindergartens. 
Upon her return to St. Louis, she was placed in charge of the 
Kindergarten Training School. I met her for the first time in 
the Stoddard Kindergarten and vividly recall her appearance as 
she entered the room. Her animated manner, her keen interest 
in all the children were doing, and encouraging words to the 
kindergartners in charge of the children are indelibly impressed 
upon my mind. I entered her large Training Class of young 
women each one of whom today feels a debt of gratitude to 
Miss Blow that can neither be measured nor told. As we look 
back to the years we were under her tuition, we realize thev were 
the beginnings of an awakening to the true value of life, and that 
what we may have accomplished that is worth while is largely 

129 



clue to the inspirincr influence of a great teacher. Miss Blow's 
enthusiasm was contagious and created in her students a spirit 
of consecration to their calling. No work was too arduous, no 
sacrifice too great that contributed to the recognition of the 
value of the kindergarten. The Saturday Morning Class at the 
Eads School was largely attended by teachers and mothers, seek- 
ing the light that came from Miss Blow's interpretation 
of "Mother Play" and great literature. She possessed the power 
to set before the minds of all who listened to her the "open door" 
of insight into life's meanings, responsibilities, and privileges. 
Play, Art. and Work were her pedagogical by-words and she 
believed firmly in her mission to promote this ideal of educa- 
tion, She said : 

"My abiding conviction is that the order of historic develop- 
ment is Play, Art, Work. I claim that the progress of mankind 
has been conducted under the inspiration of love, joy, duty, and 
religion, and not under compulsion of bodily need. Thought is 
not democratic and it is far from easy to spread it to many minds, 
but the kindergarten could not only spread its ideals, but could 
sing them and play them. It could illustrate them through the 
free creation of little children. It could make the happy and 
developed child its best missionary, and in forty years or more 
it has preached, sung, and played itself into the heart and mind 
of the American people, and from America it shall go forth to 
redeem and bless childhood all over the world.'' 

In the years that followed Miss Blow's active, earnest, and 
courageous defense of the "New Education," she placed in per- 
manent form in her writings her insight into kindergarten 
theories. The first book, "Symbolic Education," was published 
in 1894, followed by translations of Froebel's "Mother Play," 
"Songs and Games," and "Letters to a Mother." Since 1S95 Miss 
Blow has served the kindergarten cause most effectively by il- 
luminating lectures given in many cities, interpreting not only 
the philosophy of Froebel, but the philosophy of life as embodied 
in the greatest thinkers of all ages, — Homer, Dante, Shakespeare, 
and Goethe. Miss Blow was a member of the Committee of 
Nineteen, and for many years rendered valuable service in the 
discussion by prominent kindergartners of questions relating 
to the theory and practice of the kindergarten. 

The annual meeting of the International Kindergarten 
Union, held in April, 1910, brought Miss Blow to St. Louis. She 

130 



t^ 





\ 



J J 




MISS MARY C. McCULLOCH 



came to pay a tribute to the life of Dr. VVm. T. Harris. Her pres- 
ence in the city was seized as a favoral)le opportunity to give 
Miss Blow a richly deserved ovation. The program of the Inter- 
national Kindergarten Union included a ])lay festival at the 
Liederkranz Club. The hall was beautifully decorated with 
l)lants for the occasion. Miss Blow led the march of the kin- 
dergartners until she reached the stage where she had an ex- 
cellent view of the band of five or six hundred kindergartners 
as thev marched by her singing spirited songs. Miss Blow's 
face was radiant as she waved her hand in recognition of the 
greeting given to her by each one of her loyal followers. Her 
cup of joy was full and as she watched the kindergartners from 
different cities play their groups of games, she must, in some 
measure, have realized the growth and development of the work 
begun by her forty years ago. 

This sketch of the life-work of the great kindergarten 
pioneer gives an inadequate comprehension of the power, beauty, 
and genius of Miss Blow's rare personality. She was endowed 
bv nature with a wonderful mentality that helped her to inter- 
pret the thoughts of the greatest philosophers accompanied by 
a loving heart and sympathetic attitude toward human joys and 
sorrows. She could with keen enjoyment intelligently partici- 
pate in discussions of philosophic themes, or with delight enter 
into the plays of a little child. Her soul was large enough to meet 
each individual upon the plane of her development and with an 
inspiring ideal lift her above the commonplace through the in- 
sight she awakened and the eft'orts she stimulated. All who 
were associated with her honored her spirit and recognized that 
she had a vision of truth tliat she longed to share with every- 
one. Her optimism and faith in the final outcome of the good 
made her a tower of strength to those who appealed to her for 
the solution of their problems. She was a loyal friend, neiver 
failing to extend a word of sympathy in the hour of sorrow, or 
of encouragement and recognition for a successful achievement. 
Miss Blow lives in the affections of those who knew her as a 
])ersonal friend ; she lives in the happiness of thousands of little 
children who have been blessed with kindergarten training; she 
lives in the hearts of thousands of voung women to whom she 
has re\ealed the spiritual meaning of life and the sacredness of 
their calling; she lives in the ideals suggested to manv mothers 
that have helped them in the nurture of their children. 

133 




RICHARD SPAMER 



The Psychology of Music 

By Richard Spamer. 

Mr. Spamer: Mr. Chairman, ladies and gentlemen: I first 
want to express my truly heartfelt thanks for the opportunity 
to participate in these exercises. I am one of the post graduates 
of the Sniderian System of Philosophy. I came to this city 
when it was in its flowering epoch, far back in 1877, when the 
men and the women of whom you have been told so far in these 
exercises were in their veritable prime, and when they accom- 
plished what they did not know they were accomplishing, name- 
ly, the putting of this community — for political reasons called 
the City of St. Louis — upon the intellectual map of the entire 
world. (Applause) I do not know of any other epoch, from the 
time they spilt the tea in Boston Harbor until the time that the 
empires of Central Europe were overthrown, that had more 
significance for the people of America than the work of Dr. 
Snider, Dr. Harris and the rest of those truly great ones who 
were among us in those spacious days. 

The request comes to me to say something about the psycho- 
logy of music. That is a subject which it would be difficult for 
me to treat with any lucidity, if I did not as a newspaper man 
seek, and as a newspaper man have found the short cut. and that 
short cut, ladies and gentlemen, is in Dr. Snider's own book. 
(Applause) He has, and I hope you all have read it, a book 
entitled "Music and the Fine Arts" ; a Philosophy of the Aesthe- 
tic. The word "aesthetic" is generally used in its adjective form 
and also in the plural by most of us, we speak of politics and we 
speak of aesthetics and we speak of acoustics or, as I prefer to 
say, "a-kous'tiks". That is confusing. Dr. Snider does not fall 
into that error of giving it in the plural, aesthetic to him is a 
great rubric in philosophy, because while aesthetic is a basic 
source, philosophy applies to and regulates the conduct of men ; 
the aesthetic is one thing higher, just like in physics we have 
the things of the material world and in metaphysics something 
higher, the world of the spirit that knows no bounds, and that 
is always being emendated and explained and compared, and 
for which we reallv have no foundation except as it exsists in 
ourselves as individuals. 

137 



Now, with this somewhat prolific introduction, I will read 
to you and comment as I go on, that chapter in the work I have 
just quoted on the "Philosophy of Music." Before I get to that, 
let me say something about music in the language of my dear 
departed friend, 'William Marion Reedy, who really should be 
with us today. (Applause) "He is gone, who seemed so great, 
gone, but nothing shall relieve him of the good he made his own 
being here, and we believe him somewhat far advanced in state, 
and that he wears a truer crown than any mortal hand might 
make." 

Billy Reedy used to say about psychology and music and 
various things that he regarded abstruse — although fully under- 
stood, as instanced in his writing — that he knew all about the 
abstract, the concrete and the asphaltum. (Laughter) He knew 
about the asphaltum because he walked the streets of St. Louis, 
morning, noon and night (applause), and that was just at the 
time when we were changing from gi^anitoid streets to as- 
phaltum streets. (Laughter). 

Now, I am somewhat in the same relation to this subject 
of psychology, but this has come to me since I have looked into 
this book, that I never would have known what psychology 
means if I had not read Dr. Snider's book, I get that out of his 
book in reference to what I have absorbed out of other books 
that I have read, because of the lucidity of his exposition and 
the fact that everything he has written has been written ac- 
cording to a pattern, as he has found that pattern in his own 
mind. (Applause) That is the tremendous value of the work of 
Denton J. Snider. If you will go back in your memory, if you 
can recall now what books have done you the most good, what 
works of man have appealed most to you, from Aristotle and 
Jesus down to the present day, if your mind is as nimble as 
all that (I am not saying mine is, I am simply operating now), 
if you have done that, you will find that all of these great men 
have had a pattern and if that pattern is recognized by the reader 
he gets the heart of the thing; and if he does not recognize that 
l)attern, he does not, and that is all there is to be said about 
it. (Applause) 

The value of Dr. Snider's operations in the unnieasurable 
field of philosophy, but more particularly in the illimitable field 
of psychology, are based upon his thorough grounding in the 
pedagogic art. The school-master, my friends, may not be with- 

138 



out honor save in his own country, he will pass that all over 
he will not talk to you about what public education means in 
the United States today, what it has meant in past time and 
what it is likely to mean in the great time now before us, that 
would go beyond even psychological bounderies, but this we can 
say ; that when a man appears among us, like this wonderful 
man. full of years and honors and still active in the field, know- 
ing that that field is only partly tilled and waits the labors of 
the husbandman, when such a man comes among us and we 
detect in our own finite and dubious way how he accomplished 
that which he has done, then we say for ourselves in a time like 
this, at a moment of what we might properly call public con- 
fession, that he has done us — me, you and all of us, a great 
service by this great scheme of psychological enlightenment that 
we find in his books. (Applause) 

But, to get down to what I have been asked to speak about 
— music. Now. ni'usic is only known to us, most of us as what 
we might call an audible functioning, but Dr. Snider gives us 
an entirely dififerent, a farther idea, he answers every question 
about what music is by not saying a single thing about com- 
posers or about musicians. Get that, if you please. He has 
nothing to do with that at all in this book on the "Psychology 
of ]\Iusic. That he could write as good a history of music as any 
man in the United States, I am well persuaded, and part of my 
daily work "from day to day for many years" has been to read 
about music, to listen to music and to write about it, and on 
that line he has given me nothing because he has offered noth- 
ing, but on the inherent facts, on the central idea of what music 
really is in the psychological scheme of things, he has given me 
so much that I would not now lay my verl^al hands upon it, 
but give it to you as I find it in the books, and then we can 
possibly get together on this. 

Now. Dr. Snider says here: "Can we bring to light the 
original constructive principle of the total edifice of music? 
We seek first of all to grasp and unfold the primal germ out of 
which it grows from its earliest bud to its latest flowering. And 
as music is the most psychologic of all the Fine Arts — ^stands 
nearest to the Psyche and responds most readily and intimately 
to the process of the same— we may well deem that a preliminary 
study of its ultimate nature will be the best preparation for a 

139 



fundamental survey of all Art. especially from the psychical 
point of view." 

I will dig^ress here to bring home what he savs about the 
study of music as being' the fundamental part of all art. He 
divides art into three great classes, the fine arts, he so divides 
Poetry, Painting and Music, but the greatest of these is music. 
Now, that is a point that we ought to talk five or six days about, 
1o thoroughly imbue ourselves with it. I have glimmerings of 
a light there myself, I have to study a little more though to agree 
with him, because I know I must ultimately agree with him. He 
says : 

"Music is the third and highest of the Fine Arts. Poetry 
and Painting being the other two. W'hat is the genetic unit of 
Music, the original basic unit of which music is constituted? 
Music is not a stationary thing which we can examine under 
the microscope; its essence is movement." He has not said a 
word yet about the whole theory of sound, which he knew back- 
wards and knows forwards. "It is a process incessantly going 
on." Music is movement, and movement is the only manifes- 
ation of the cosmos. "When the motion stops, the music stops; 
it has to be active, yea, self-active in an external way, and hence 
it is the most adequate outer artistic manifestation of our 
mind's self-activity and of that of the universe, too." 

We are talking about music, we are not talking anything 
about the creation of the world, but we are talking about music 
in these wonderful pages. He says : 

"Xow, the peculiarly striking, as well as significant fact 
about music is the recurrence of sound always and everywhere 
taking place in it, through sweeps large and little." As if in 
between all of these physical motions of the ear wdiich respond 
to our aural apparatus in the form of sound, and that subdivision 
of .sound called music ; as if there were in between them in that 
tonic contact and repulsion, something which the human ear 
cannot fathom, cannot apprehend, and which puts us right at 
the one blind door in the creation of the cosmos. 

I do not think that Dr. Snider quite knew when he wrote 
these lines how deep they are. Always there is a blind s])ot 
in the universe, and now we are talking about music as the mani- 
festation of certain imponderable forces, certain imponderable 
powers. He says : 

140 



"Music is a series of tone-cycles embracins^ the whole as 
well as the smallest unit of its composition. Indeed it would 
not be truly artistic, nor attune the human soul to a concordance 
with itself, unless it had in its least part the tonal process of the 
whole, we may say of the all." 1 wish I had five or six days 
to explain all this to you. (Applause) 

"Accordingly, the genetic unit of music is the recurrence of 
sr)und which is ever going forth out of itself and ever coming 
to itself again." Isn't it wonderful, this cycle, this great orbit 
and cycle of sound, he calls it music ; what have we known before 
of music until we have read these pages? There is another sub- 
ject. "This is what elevates sound, which is of itself partial 
and broken, into its musical entirety ; sound made whole be- 
comes the tone which is the ultimate harmonic constitution of 
the total structure of music — the beautiful well-shaped block 
of marble of which the vast cathedral is to be built." 

Do you get that, all of these sounds that are flying around, 
he compares to a vast block of marble out of which ultimately 
the whole structure called the cathedral is to be built, out of 
which ultimately through divinely gifted men and women that 
wonderful structure called music is to be created. These various 
inarticulate sounds that surround us, veritable angel voices we 
might say. 

The musical tone, therefore, has in it, as its essential char- 
acteristic, this cycle of sound, of self-separating and self-return- 
ing in an outer process of the sense of hearing, which is to carry 
it within. But to what inner sanctuary does the ear carry this 
cycled tone-world, and for what purpose? Soul, Self, Ego, it is 
variously called, which also has its process, which Dr. Snider 
calls the "Psychosis", corresponding with the tonal process of 
music. 

There is no closer searcher, no keener eye. no greater force 
in all the universe than that which by means of music reacts 
upon the human soul ; that is the philosophical idea that he con- 
veys here when he mentions the "psychosis": he simply men- 
tions the function of the soul, its receptivity to outward things. 
He might, if he were a musician, a composer, say that the 
psychosis is simply that which we call harmony in music, but 
harmony in music has man-made rules ; harmony in music does 
not quite explain what the psychosis is, what the reaction of the 

141 



human soul to music is when music comes to us throug'h the 
outward processes. 

Here is where we get a clear idea as to what the psychology 
of music is, that harmonious sound reacts upon the soul in a 
harmonious way : and inharmonious sounds in an inharmonious 
way. For that reason, if I wanted to descend right down to 
practical things, I would say that Richard \\ agner is a great 
composer, because he understood the laws of human harmony, 
and those who came after him and wanted to improve upon him 
did not do so because they did not understand the laws of har- 
mony in the psychological sense. 

"Here we have the two sides which are to come together 
and produce the one concord, the physical and the psychical; 
these form the happy pair which give up their two foldness, unite 
and kiss and marry in the rapture of music." 

Thus is, bv music, established harmony, \\niat a wonder- 
ful word it is today in this war disturbed world ! 

"Here we may see the musical purpose of the rounds of tone ; 
they stimulate the soul to symmetrical rounds of its own which 
it feels as its very self in activity. 

"Such is the correspondence between the outer tone-cycle 
and the inner soul-cycle ; they agree, and so Music is often said 
to be agreeable — to whom or to what? To the Ego which is 
roused thereby to its own elemental process or psychosis in 
response." 

Somebody has said, and I think it was our friend, Ralph 
Waldo Emerson, "Trust things". Every human heart regards 
that as the voice of a harp and responds to its invitation ; har- 
mony within and of music can give us that ; no wonder that it 
is the wonderful art; that it will continue to be. 

"We may conceive the Ego as stirred by music to be itself, 
to be its own primal process of self-activity, vea, in a degree its 
own self-creation. Such is the first musical pleasure, the earliest 
thrill of the inner psychic harmony responding to the outer round- 
ed pulsation of the tone-world. 

"The soul is an instrument which is played upon Ijy the 
cycles of music, truly it is the instrument upon which all musi- 
cal instruments have to play at last, stimulating it to its ele- 

142 



mental activity which may be called pure feeling or even emo- 
tion." 

Dr. Snider tell us not to be emotional, but to have pure 
feelings. Nice distinction there. Another afternoon might be 
devoted to that. "But we should add here that this soul is not 
simply the passive recipient of musical tones, from the outside ; 
it is that universal instrument which goes back to all special in- 
struments and constructs them for its purpose which purpose 
is essentially that their notes not merely move forward but also 
come back, and thus are made musical." 

Just a few words more and we will close this chapter. In 
developing this theory, he says: "Indeed it is just at this point 
that music begins to be a matter of art, and not simply a thing 
of nature. Art turns the sound into a cycle, and thus attunes the 
same to itself, to its own process, which makes it a musical tone 
capable of intimate fusion and concordance with the inner psyche. 

"In some such way we seek to grasp the genetic unit of 
music as the tone, self-separating yet self-returning; vibrating 
outwardly by nature toward the infinite, yet brought back to 
its starting point usually, but not always, by Art. Such is the 
primal sensation of music ; the soul hears the fleeting sound re- 
stored to itself out of its flight from itself, a kind of outer self- 
restoration after a tonal self-alienation. This process it hears 
not once but many times, brought over into all sorts of sequ- 
ences, forms, and musical iridescences. But this outer diver- 
sity of tones has at bottom the one unitary principle, the tonal 
cycle, which stirs the Psyche to its own similar unitary pro- 
cessess, the Psychosis." 

This Psychosis, as Dr. Snider explains, in its simplicity, is 
the primal act of human consciousness, the original making of 
selfhood, which has ever to be repeated. Music stimulates to a 
new creation the primordial self, which is perpetually renewed 
and re-created in the conscious act. That is, Music reaches back 
and starts afresh the first origination of the Ego in man, which 
act gives him creative pleasure, the foundamental pleasure of 
music, as this makes the Ego feel its own rise into being through 
its self-generative act. 

So music, as its ultimate fact, stimulates the first creative 
process of mind, renewing its very birth into consciousness. 

143 



Such IS the simplest stage of the purely psychical act; hence we 
?Zh7- """'^^ '" ''' primordial round, stirs the elemental 

creation"' a" flT" "' u''^' ''''''''' ^'^ ^^'^^ ^« >^^ ^^^-^ - 
creation. And this psychical process may be said to be running 

through and holding together all Art. (Applause) 



144 




WILLIAM MARION REEDY 



William Marion Reedy 

By A. A. H. 

The character and career of the late Mr. Reedy made him 
distinctively one of the outstanding- figures in the intellectual 
and literary life of St. Louis. His experience took him through 
every phase of its lights and shadows and he mixed and mingled 
with the good and bad ; but he and his ]ia])er rose gradually 
superior to untoward influences. 

From a boy-reporter on the great dailies he became the editor 
of the "Mirror" which was so thoroughly the exponent of his 
personality that it became "Reedy's Mirror" and while its base 
was St. Louis, from which nothing could tempt him to a larger 
sphere, his thought was reflected over the world. The Mirror 
was found in London., Paris, Vienna, and on the news stands 
of all the great centers of European civilization. It was not a 
purveyor of news, but it was devoted to observation and com- 
ment, to criticism and instruction. His wide knowledge of 
men, of events, of politics, of books, of the thought of the times, 
his generosity to struggling aspirants for literary recognition, 
his keen humor, his salient wit, his lucid style, brilliant and 
scintillant — all combined in the unique genius of Reedy to make 
the Mirror the success that it was. 

As a speaker Mr. Reedy was as fluent and forceful and de- 
lightful as in his writings. He was frequently chosen by St. 
Louis, as its spokesman on civic occasions. On his last public 
appearance, at "The Missouri Authors Week" at Vandervoorts 
Music Hall he presided with ease, grace and propriety as was 
his wont. His genial manner, his flow of wit and wisdom all 
gave charm and distinction to the occasion. 

His departure is felt with keen regret, not only by his i)er- 
sonal friends, but bv the citv itself. 



146 



Poem 

Dedicated to Dr. Denton J. Snider on his 80th Birthday, January 
9th, 1921, by Katharine Higgins Sommers. 

Through a veil of misty radiance 

I watch the snow flakes fall. 

Pure, and beautiful, they flutter over shrub and house, and all. 

With ermine mantles they wrap the leafless trees, 

Then softly hide themselves among the leaves. 

Your work of eighty years they whis])er me 

"Obey the Universal law and thus be free." 

You taught me to transcend all earthly ties, 

To look at life, and all created things with psychic eyes. 

One must catch the elemental sounds he hears, 

And find within himself the music of the spheres. 

LINCOLN'S MOTHER, 
By Mrs. Katharine Higgins Sommers. 

Inspired by Dr. Snider's Extensive treatise of Lincoln. 

Her day began as amber-tinted dawn 
Shot yellow streaks through virgin forests brown. 
And ended when the searching stars looked down. 
Awaking music stored within her soul 
Shedding Heavens rays of magic light 
Revealing vistas of the infinite. 

While natures' wind-harps chanted "DeProfundis" 
Forests for her, their wonderous secrets, trace 
And scented silence taught her poise and grace. 
P>irds filled the space with sweetest song; 
Symphonic mid the beauty of their lay, 
The tender coos of nearby doves re-echoed all the day. 
Flattery's fawning face, nor grandeur's show 
Nor greedy passions of the noisy mart 
Nor fortune's pride of place corrupt her heart. 
Bringing water from the wayside spring, 
Teaching lessons to her growing child. 
She reigned supreme within the rugged wild 
And when at last her lowly tasks were done. 
She gave to all mankind, yet left forlorn, 
A matchless son. for Freedom born. 

147 



IN MEMORIAM. 
Miss Amelia Fruchte. 

To know her was to love her, a heart so full of truth, 
A mind so stored with beauty, with great ideals, for sooth, 
It could not harbor malice, but overflowed with good 
For those who sometimes faltered, she always understood. 
The glory of her nature, for years and years to come, 
Her jovful, helpful friendship, we'll cherish, every one. 



"A MAN FOR ALL AGES." 

Dr. Denton J. Snider. 
By Mrs. Adeline Palmier Wagoner 

The hands of the painter deftly draw 
Pictures of things he never saw; 
The mind of the poet paints the thing 
He dreams and weaves into a ring; 
The soul of the singer soars above 
To realms of beauty, joy and love. 
Today we honor the man, fourscore, 
Who's all these magic gifts of lore, 
\\'ho makes life glad for those who come 
To learn his triumphs, nobly won. 
If only our hearts and minds could tell 
One half we know and feel so well, 
The earth with clarion notes would ring 
To laurel him whose praise I sing. 
Adeline Palmier Wagoner 

148 



The St. Louis Tercentenary Shakespeare 

Society 

By Mrs. Adeline Palmier Wagoner 



It was in 1916 that Mrs. Adeline Palmier Wagoner, inspired 
by the writings of Dr. Denton J. Snider, the great Shakespeare 
scholar, the almost half century Shakespeare teaching of Miss 
Amelia Fruchte, conceived, collected and catalogued an Exhibi- 
tion of things pertaining to Shakespeare and his Portrayers to 
celebrate the Bard's Tercentenary. Together with this most 
interesting and instructive exhibition, there were daily Shake- 
speare Programs given in the Vandervoort Auditorium, to which 
the leading Scholars and Musicians lent their talent. 

Encouraged by the very large attendance at these entertain- 
ments, the work and moral svipport of Dr. Snider and Miss 
Fruchte, Mrs. Wagoner arranged to give monthly Shakespeare 
programs in the Vandervoort Auditorium, with the view of inter- 
esting the public in worth-while literature, and so was formed 
The St. Louis Tercentenary Shakespeare Society, with Mrs. 
Wagoner as Executive Chairman; Miss Fruchte. President; Dr, 
Snider, Honorary President. After the death of Miss Fruchte. 
Mrs. Wagoner became President of the Society, which now num- 
bers over one hundred members. As State V'ice-President of the 
National Shakespeare Society of Washington, D. C, Mrs. Wago- 
ner has already inaugurated a movement to interest the various 
towns of Missouri in forming Shakespeare Societies to unite 
with the Tercentenary in a State Federation which will be an 
invaluable force in raising the Cultural Standard of Missouri. 



149 




MIS^AMEj;iA C I7?(/CI{ir^ 



In Memoriam 
Miss Amelia G. Fruchte 

By Chester B. Curtis. 

It is an honor to participate in this programme dedicated 
to the distinguished philosophers, educators and authors and to 
Dr. Denton J. Snider, whose eighteith birthday we celebrate 
on this occasion. It is an added privilege to speak especially of 
and for my friend Miss Amelia C. Fruchte, whose memory we 
honor today. 

Miss Fruchte dwelt on the plateau of life. She climbed 
early to a high level of attainment and continued on the plateau 
till death. She climbed the slope in eighteen years, catching 
visions of future efforts, and inspirations for a half century of 
achievement. 

A plateau is a plane appreciably above the general level 
of territory, thought or character. Miss Fruchte lived on such 
a plane, often seeing peaks and ranges of greatness towering 
above, heights from whence came her strength, and occasionally 
looking into an awful abyss of dejection. Life would be mono- 
tonous, even on a plateau, were it not varied by emotional exper- 
iences both dejecting and exhilarating. Hers was a nature of 
tremendous intensity; one which sought expression in super- 
latives and in extremes. 

Miss Fruchte lived on the heights. Her ideals were high, 
as should become a teacher. Early in life she sought the personal 
influence of those whose philosophy was deep and whose ideals 
were high. She associated herself with Dr. Snider, Dr. Harris 
and the Concord School of Philosophy — outstanding exponents 
of mental and spiritual culture. In Psychology, Science, Liter- 
ature and Art she found the masterpieces, master minds, even 
the masters themselves. 

Her ideals were always evident in personal matters. In 
bearing Miss Fruchte possessed a queenly dignity. She dressed 
elegantly, though simply, always with an accidental, all the 
more emphasized by an otherwise plain setting. A dash of red 
against her black hair or dress was characteristic of her strong 
tendencv to contrasting extremes. 

153 



In social relations she revealed a nature demanding and ap- 
preciating- the highest ideals of gentlemanly courtesy. 

In books she loved the choicest editions ; in literature, the 
best works ; in philosophy, the most profound ; in art, intrinsicial- 
ly the best. 

The plateau was nowhere more pronounced in Miss 
Fruchte's life than in the realm of imagination. Once an idea 
began to develop, it took the wings and motive power of an 
aeroplane into the realm of Castles in the Air. She motored 
on many a safe trip riding on the placid joy of imagination. Only 
the landing — the coming- back to earth — was difficult. If her 
plans could have been realized with no more expense than the 
Castles which she visualized, many more very considerable achi- 
evements Avould now be credited to her remarkable efforts. 

Her interests were not restricted to the walls of the class 
room. She entered into the social, sociological, educational and 
even political fields of St. Louis, in some of them as a pioneer ; 
in all an ardent worker. 

Miss Fruchte participated in the organization of the Wednes- 
day Club, of the Teachers' Fellowship Society and in the de- 
velopment of the Society of Pedagogy, which enjoyed practic- 
ality a reorganization during her presidency, and in the organiza- 
tion of the Shakespeare Tercentenary Society. 

Miss Fruchte did her real work and established her place 
in this community as a teacher of Shakespeare at Central High 
School. Thousands of our citizens came under her influence, 
some appreciating to the full the character of her instruction, 
others failing then, to realize what it was all about. A strong 
character is always seen in asymmetric aspects. By some, through 
the eyes of a cartoonist, by others with the vision a true delinea- 
tor. 

Her strong personality ; her marked and contrasting moods, 
impressed our youth with the idea that Miss Fruchte was a 
unique character. This impression was and is correct; but she 
was as great as she was unique. Youth looks through cartoon 
eyes, exaggerates impressions, draws hasty conclusions. Miss 
Fruchte's true worth was in her staunch advocacy of high ideals 
for boys and girls, standards of conduct which for her measured 
their mental and moral development. 

154 




MR. CHESTER B. CURTIS 
Former Principal, Central High School 



Her true greatness as an instructor lay in her power of 
interpretation of plot and counterplot, in the deliniation and 
contrast of characters found in the plays of Shakespeare, through 
which she tried to drive home to the youth of this city the 
truths on which their lives might be directed. Such comprehens- 
ive teaching was not always understood by those whose method 
was strictly memoriter. But it was a tremendously effective 
method for pupils who possessed imaginative minds, a method 
more appreciated by all students in after life than at the time 
of the experience. 

The influence of Amelia C. Fruchte will persist in St. Louis 
throughout still another generation because she is an abiding 
element in the character of our younger citizens. 

Her name is inscribed on the parchment roll of history in 
the Citv of St. Louis. 



1.57 



Letters from Friends 

Many appreciative messages with congratulations from 
friends especially interested in this meeting were read by Mrs. 
Curtis B. Parker. Among these were letters from Prof. L. A. 
Kalbach of the National Bureau of Education, Washington, D. 
C. ; Miss Elizabeth Harrison, Chicago, 111. ; Pres. Wm. W. Par- 
sons, of the Terre Haute Indiana Normal School; Pres. John 
R. Kirk of the Kirksville Missouri Normal School ; Prof. John 
B. Wisely, Terre Haute, Ind. ; Mrs. Ruth Morris Kersey, Rich- 
mond. Ind. ; Miss Mary E. Nicholson, Indianapolis, Ind. ; Miss 
Susan V. Beeson, Farmington, Mo. 

Lack of space compels us to exclude these interesting com- 
munications. 

The exercises of the meeting were concluded with a banquet 
in the evening at the Planters Hotel arranged by Mrs. Harry 
Wagoner; Wm. F. Woerner presiding, especially commemora- 
tive of the 80th birthday of Dr. Denton J. Snider, which was of 
great interest, although Dr. Snider was detained by illness from 
attendance. Addresses were made by distinguished citizens and 
visitors. 

It is regretted that the spirit and marked interest of all the 
meetings could not be adequately reported. 

The chairman and managers of the meeting desire to express 
their thanks to all who so cordially and efficiently responded 
and helped to make it a success. 

Our thanks are extended to the Central High School for 
their music which added greatly to the occasion. 

We hereby acknowledge our great indebtedness to the 
Scruggs, Vandervoort, Barney Dry Goods Co. and especially to 
the manager Mr. M. L. Wilkinson for the use of the Vandervoort 
Music Hall, the artistic programs and general service. 

D. H. HARRIS, Gen. Manager. 



158 



Address at Banquet in Honor of Dr. Denton J. Snider 

A friend of mine has said that an ounce of taffy is worth a 
pound of epitaphy. But there is something better than either, 
namely, a sincere expression of admiration and affection. This 
blesses him that receives and still more him that gives. I am 
glad to be one of this company which has met to pay a tribute 
of honor and esteem to Dr. Denton J. Snider. There are two 
kinds of wealth, the material and the spiritual. Of the former 
our factories and industrial enterprises, our farms and ships, our 
railroads and mines are creators. But those who add to the 
spiritual wealth of humanity are the thinkers and inspirers of 
the world. Wa need both, but in this age the material is better 
appreciated than the intellectual, moral and spiritual. And it is 
well for us, citizens of a city of which we are proud, to appreciate 
and show our appreciation of those who serve by deepening and 
clarifying the thoughts of men. 

Dr. Snider is a knight errant of the intellectual life, a remark- 
able figure in the noble company of thinkers. His career has 
been one of complete devotion to ideal interests and his activity 
and productiveness tremendous. Yet he is by no means a mere 
thinking apparatus, and his philosophy is vastly more than a 
soulless play of concepts. As we read his books, we realize how 
true it is that it is the whole man that thinks. His life is like a 
river, growing wider and deeper as it nears the end. 

Although best known as a philosopher, many will regard 
him primarily as a literary man. His powers of delineation and 
characterization are remarkable. One of his most charming 
books is that on the St. Louis Movement. He makes his char- 
acters live and presents them as intensely human, with their 
faults as well as their virtues, yet he leaves the reader in sym- 
pathy with even the most imperfect of them. One feels all the 
while that his author is a genial personality, whose affections 
have remained unspoiled and whom one would like to know. 

Time would fail me were I to speak of his philosophy, and 
there are many excellent people who cannot fully appreciate him 
because they do not take philosophy seriously. But we realize 
its importance when we understand that it is a lifelong struggle 
against one sided ideas of life, and is of extreme practical im- 
portance since it is the unseen framework of all we think or do. 
We must, of course, think our own thoughts, but we do that 
effectively only when we think in the light of other men's 
thoughts, and know something of the evolution of the great ideas 
of the human race. Moreover, the knowledge of great and wide 
truths is not only practically important, but it is worth while 
for its own sake. The beatific vision is the supreme joy. 
Dr. Snid,er has served well his city and country and will be long 
and gratefully remembered by those whose intellectual eyes he 
has opened and to whom he has been an open door of new life. 

GEORGE ROWLAND DODSON. 
159 




D. H. HARRIS READING THIS REPORT 
PLEASE DO LIKEWISE 



Report of the 

Early St. Louis Movement 



Centennial 
Appendix 



Illustrations 



Introduction 

As representative of the important movement presented in 
this Report, we have been urged by state and local authorities 
to participate in portraying these interests in this the Centennial 
of the founding of our state. 

We, therefore, present this Report of the Early St. Louis Move- 
ment and this Illustrated Appendix as showing its background 
and environment in a partial and limited way ; yet giving in the 
portraits of a few of its eminent leaders, notable buildings, and 
other features, some idea of the part and importance that St. 
Louis has had in the wonderful history of Missouri. 

While St. Louis is the commercial metropolis of the state, 
the market and distributing point of the great Southwest, the 
most centrally located large city in the L'nited States, the greatest 
inland port of commerce, her interests are not confined to these 
special activities. 

To show the ample educational facilities of our public schools, 
we add to what has previously been mentioned about our famous 
Kindergarten system — the cuts or pictures of some of our great 
modern schools, which are here presented — unexcelled in the 
country. Also our numerous private schools, preparatory, col- 
leges, universities — all make St. Louis pre-eminent in education 
and culture. Our many churches stand as the index of moral 
and religiovis aspirations. 

The facilities for refined amusement and entertainment af- 
forded by our country clubs, theaters, moving picture shows. 
our various musical organizations — all indicate a favorable at- 
mosphere for those wishing to establish themselves where good 
fellowship, congenial society and helpful, healthy environment 
contribute to making delightful homes. 

Many of the following facts, places and faces are already famil- 
iar to our citizens ; but this brief sunniiary is historical and may 
be of interest to visitors and strangers scattered over the whole 
country, whom, we hope, this account may reach. It is intended 
to create a larger acquaintance with St. Louis. 

We take pride in saying that we are of no mean city. 



165 



LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS— (Appendix) 

Statue of St. Louis - 1 67 

Pierre Laclede, Founder of St. Louis - 168 

August Chouteau - ^'0 

World's Fair Directors - 171 

St. Louis Fair Monument - 173 

Municipal Open Air Theater - 174 

Forest Park Pavilion 176 

Winter Sport in Forest Park -. - 176 

St. Louis Pageant and Masque ; 177 

Halsey C. Ives - - 178 

Art Museum - - 179 

An Incident of the French Revolution — Julian Story 180 

Jules Dupre — "In Pasture" - - 181 

Kilt ranee Hall — Art Museum — Sculpture 182 

The Jefiferson Memorial Building 183 

Thomas Jefferson — Statue by Carl Bitter - 184 

LTnion Station - - - - 185 

The St. Louis Coliseum - 186 

Interior of Coliseum - 187a 

Hotel Statler 187 

Arcade Building - - -- ..188 

Railwav Exchange - -IS*^ 

First National Bank - - - ....100 

City Hall - - 191 

Municipal Courts Building - 192 

Old Court House - - 193 

Olive Street Canon -- -- 194 

Kingsburv Place - - 195 

Fads Bridge 196 

Rev. Salmon Giddings ■ .,..197 

The First Presbyterian Church, 1855 -. 199 

The Present First Presbyterian Church , 200 

Rev. Samuel J. Niccolls ^ 201 

The .Second Presbyterian Church.... 202 

Rev. Truman M. Post - 203 

The Pilgrim Congregational Church - 204 

The 1 'nion Avenue Christian Church 205 

The Westminster Presbvterian Church 206 

The First Church of Christ Scientist _..207 

Rev. Daniel S. Tuttle — - 208 

Christ Church Cathedral, Episcopal, Exterior 209 

Christ Church Cathedral, Interior - 210 

Centenary Methodist Church 211 

Grace Methodist Episcopal Church, Exterior 212 

Grace Methodist Episcopal Church, Interior 213 

The Second Baptist Church - 214 

Rev. W. C. Bitting 214 

Rabbi Leon Harrison 216 

Temple Israel 217 

Archbishop John J. Glennoii - 218 

The .\ew Catholic Cathedral, Kxterior ' 219 

The Xew Catholic Cathedral, Interior.... , - 220 

The Old Cathedral, Erected 1 83 1 221 

Rev. Father D. S. Phelan - 222 

St. John's Methodist Episcopal Church , - 223 

Chancellor Frederick A. Hall, Washington University 224 

Washington University, Front Vievv", Main Building 225 

Washington University and Campus 226 

Rev. Michael J. O'Connon, S. J., Pres. St. Louis University 227 

St. Louis University 228 

William Torrey Harris Teachers Training College 229 

The Early High School Building 230 

The Present Central High School Building 231 

The Soldan High School Building -232 

The Cleveland High School Building 233 

The Veatman High School Building 234 

The McKinley High School Building '. 235 

The First Public School Superintendent — Ira Divoll 237 

The Second Public School Superintendent — William T. Harris 238 

The Third Public School Superintendent — Edward H. Long 239 

The Fourth Public School Superintendent — F. Louis Soldan 240 

The Fifth Public School Superintendent — Ben Blewett 241 

Henry Shaw —242 

The Missouri Botanical Garden, Interior View 244 

The Missouri Botanical Garden, Italian Garden 245 

The Missouri Botanical Garden, Chrysanthemums 246 

The Missouri Botanical Garden, Palm Display 247 

The Missouri Botanical Garden, Tropical Lily Pools 248 

Thomas Hart Benton - 251 

Missouri One Hundred Years Ago — At the Tavern Door - 252 

Missouri One Hundred Years Ago — Scene in the Epilogue 253 

Mrs. George Gellhorn — "Missouri" 254 

166 




Statue of St. Louis 

The Statue of St. Louis, for whom St. Loui.s w as named, holds 
the commanding position on Art Hill, directly in front of the 
Museum. It is the work of the Sculptor Niehaus. and was mod- 
elled especially for the World's Fair in 1904. It represents Louis 
the IX of France, surnamed the Saint, King and leader of the 
Seventh Crusades in the thirteenth century, dying in 1270. He 
was the son of Queen Blanche, of whom he said that "To her, 
under God, he owed all that he had achieved in his character and 
realm." 



167 




PIERRE LACLEDl 



168 



Pierre Laclede 

• St. Louis was founded in 1764 by Pierre Laclede Liguest, a 
native of France and Auguste Chouteau, who came from New 
Orleans to St. Louis, then a trading post. In 1809 it had grown 
to a town with a population approximately of 2,000, and was 
incorporated with a population of about 5.000. St. Louis at 
that time covered an area of about 385 acres. It now em- 
braces 40.000 acres and a population of about 1,000.000. including 
suburbs. 

A fine statue of Laclede of heroic size by Zolnay adorns the 
grounds of our ^Municipal Courts Buildings. 



169 




AUGUSTE CHOUTEAU 



170 



The Louisiana Purchase World's Fair 

In the brief space allotted it seems impossible to present an 
adequate idea of the exhibit of the World's Fair held in St. Louis 
in 1904. The magnitude and splendid arrangement, complete 
gathering of entire world's achievements in industrial manu- 
factures, art products, education, social, secular and religious, and 
political interests were displayed, summed up, indexed in a 
masterful manner. 

As a suggestion of its magnitude it may only be necessary 
to state that there were separate buildings representing the 
different nations and each of our 48 states, besides those repre- 
senting special departments and products. The Agricultural 
Building covered 16 acres of ground, while others were quite 
adequate for their purposes. 

Hon. David R. Francis fittingly says in his remarkable report 
of the World's Fair, the following: 

"This exposition of 19C4 holds a place in history more con- 
spicuous than its projectors anticipated. For the opening decade 
of this century it stands a marker (record) of the accomplishment 
and progress of man. So thoroughly did it represent the world's 
civilization that if all of man's other works were destroyed, by 
some unspeakable catastrophe, the records established at this 
exposition by the assembled nations would aliford the necessary 
standards for the rebuildins: of our entire civilization." 



172 



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ST. LOUIS FAIR MONUMENT 
"Signing Louisiana Treaty" 



173 




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174 



Forest Park 

Our Forest Park of about 1.400 acres affords remarkable 
facilities for open-air entertainments and recreations to large 
numbers. 

Perhaps influenced by the great success of the Pageant and 
Masque, held in this park in 1914. when over 150.000 citizens 
witnessed this remarkable entertainment, it was decided to con- 
struct our open-air "Municipal Theater." which seats about 
20.000, where the city now enjoys the leading dramatic and 
musical performances that are so frequently given and so highly 
appreciated. 

Our "Zoo" contains one of the largest aviaries in the country, 
and the list of wild animals is up to the highest standard. 



175 




FOREST PARK AND PAVILION 




WINTER SPORT IN FOREST PARK 

176 




ST. I. GUIS PAGEANT AND MASQUE 

"St. Louis has the larsjest natural amphitheater in the world, directly in front of the Art Museum on Art Hill. It will seat 
300,000 people, with additional .standing- room. The above photograph shows an actual attendance at the time the Paseanl 
was held in St. Louis, Mav 29, 30 and il', 1914." 



The St. Louis Pageant and Masque 

May 29, 30 and 31, 1914 

This was an event long to be remembered in St. Louis, when 
on the grand slope in Forest Park in front of the Art Museum, the 
variously estimated throng of 100.000 to 150,000 people were as- 
sembled to witness the rehearsal of the early history of St. Louis. 
Our Art Critic, Mr. Richard Spamer, says : "The crowd was the 
largest ever congregated in one place at one time in St. Louis. 
It was seated, and at the close it retired to the exits without a 
crush or mishap. It is said to be the greatest audience ever 
assembled in the United States on any occasion approaching this 
one in point of purpose. 

"The audience which turned back the pages of history and 
lived for a moment in a world of dreams, were awed and delighted. 
On this occasion St. Louis celebrated the 150th anniversary of its 
founding by the presentation of a Pageant illustrative of thirty 
important events in the history of the city and by the presentation 
of a Masque that gave a symbolic interpretation of that history. 
The Pageant was by Thomas Woods Stevens, and Percy MacKay 
was the author of the Masque. 

"This was the greatest art event in the guise of the drama 
ever exhibited in the United States." 



177 




^^^^sny c ivi:s 



Art Museum 

The City Art Museum had its beginning" in an evening draw- 
ing class organized in 1874 by the late Halsey C. Ives at Wash- 
ington University. In 1879 it became a new department of the 
University under the heading of the St. Louis Museum and 
School of Fine Arts, under the presidency of James E. Yeatman 
and the directorship of Halsey C. Ives. 

Through the generosity of \Vayman Crow in 1881 it was pro- 
vided with a separate building at Nineteenth and Locust streets. 

The present Museum building was constructed for the World's 
Fair in 1904 as a permanent home of the St. Louis Museum, 
planned by Cass Gilbert of New York. It is in strictly classic 
style and is adorned with sculptured figures by many of the 
greatest artists of the times. 



178 




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180 




ST. LOUIS ART MUSEUM, JULES DUPRE, ARTIST 

"In Pasture" 



181 




ST. LOUIS ART MUSEUM STATUARY 



Inspiration 
Alma Mater 

Angel of Death 



Vulture of War 

Lion and Serpent 

Destiny of Red Man 



George Washington 
Michael Angelo 
Gen. Hooker 



182 



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The Jefferson Memorial 

Missouri Historical Building stands at the main entrance of 
Forest Park on Lindell and De Baliviere Ave. It contains valu- 
able historical c^)llections. 

It was constructed as a Memorial of the World's Fair held in 
1904. It is purely classic in style and one of its chief features 
is the heroic statue of Thomas Jefferson in white marble by the 
late Carl Bitter of New ^'ork. 



183 




THOMAS JEFFERSON 
By Carl Bitter 



184 




INTERIOR OF COLISEUM 




UNION STATION 

The St. Louis Union Station is said to be the largest pas- 
senger depot in the world. The railroad facihties at the present 
time are magnificent, distinctly superior to those of any other 
city. The depot and sheds together cover six city blocks, the 
total area is equal to ten acres, and 200.000 men could stand 
under its roof at one time. All passenger trains entering and 
leaving St. Louis, use this station. 



185 




i.^ .-5 



THE ST. LOUIS COLISEUM 



The Coliseum furnishes the auditorium for all the great occa- 
sions in the life of the city — Conventions. Lectures, Grand 
Operas, etc. It is at Washington and Jefferson avenues, and 
has a seating capacity of 13.000. 



186 



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HOTEL STATLER 

It has 650 rooms, each room with private bath, circulating- 
ice water and other unusual conveniences. All rooms have 
outside light, and air. It easily ranks as the •'Leading Hotel" 
of St. Louis. 



187 








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ARCADE BUILDING 

The Arcade Building represents 800 Offices and 200 Retail 

beamv J.V' '' ^"^""^ ''"^''* ""^ business, and is remarkable for its 
Deanty and convenience. 

188 




RAILWAY EXCHANGE 

This main building in its central location and size surpasses 
all other business structures of our city. It covers a whole block 
with its 21 stories in height and floor space of 31 acres. 

189 




190 




CITY HALL 
General Grant Monument 



191 




MUNICIPAL COURTS BUILDING 



192 




OLD COURT HOUSE 



Built 1839. The orouiid was donated by J. B. C. Lucas and 
Col. August Chouteau. It was adorned with paintings by Carl 
Wimar. The public whipping post and the slave auctions were 
at this place. 



193 




OLIVE STREET CANYON 
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KINGSBURY PLACE 

St. Louis is noted for its beautiful homes 



195 




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196 




REV. SALMON GIDDINGS, A.M. 



197 



Rev. Salmon Giddings, A.M., of Hartland, Conn., was com- 
missioned by the missionary society of Connecticut to labor in 
the western country, especially in St. Louis. 

The day after Christmas, 1815, snow on the ground, nothing 
daunted^ he started for St. Louis on horseback, preaching fre- 
quently on his long and tedious journey, through the thinly 
settled country. 

He established the first permanent I'rotestant Church in St. 
Louis November, 1817, known as the First Presbyterian Church, 
which became the honored mother of Presbyterianism and Con- 
gregationalism in the West. 

Mr. Giddings also started a school that was much needed at 
that time. He succeeded in establishing seventeen churches in 
St. Louis and vicinity. He also did important work among the 
Indians. 

His remains are deposited in a crypt under the church, where 
it is held in sacred veneration. 

The first edifice was erected on Fourth and St. Charles streets 
in 1825. 

It is said that John Quincy Adams gave $25 towards the 
enterprise and Thomas H. Benton and Alexander McNair were 
members. 



198 




THE FIRST PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH OF ST. LOUIS, 
Dedicated in 1855 



199 




PRESENT FIRST PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH 

It has had able leaders in the pulpit, maintained a wide influ- 
ence and is known as "Old First Church." 



200 




REV. SAMUEL J. NICCOLLS, D.D. 



201 




SECOND PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH 

The Second Presbyterian Church was organized on October 
10, 1868, by sixty members from the First Presbyterian Church. 

The Rev. Samuel J. Niccolls of Chambersburg', Pennsylvania, 
was called in October, 186^, and began his labors in the Second 
Presbyterian Church in January, 1865. "Dr. Niccolls in his long 
and able pastorate rendered signal service not only to St. Louis, 
but to the cause of Christianity throughout the country, and the 
world. A man of extraordinary gifts, of winsome spirit, of 
splendid poise, of judgment, of, rare and sagacious leadership, of 
great preaching power and of unswerving loyalty to the funda- 
mentals of our faith, by his personal w^orth, his example of de- 
votion and by his almost unprecedented period of labor in one 
field, he enriched the entire denomination, and shed lustre upon 
the religion of the Cross." 

Dr. Niccolls died August 19, 1915, after having served as pas- 
tor for more than fifty years. His devoted people have placed a 
bronze bust of their pastor at the entrance of the church he loved 
so well; his benign countenance seems to greet them with a 
perpetual benediction. 



202 




TRUMAN M. POST, D.D. 

..o/'^f ^^i- °^' Co"^^egationalism in St. Louis," preacher writer 
patriot ; thirtv-seven years of service. t^acner, writer, 



203 




PILGRIM CONGREGATIONAL CHURCH 

It is one of the largest and most influential of this denomina- 
tion in the city. 

It has had as ministers some of the ablest divines of this 
denomination. 



204 






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UNION AVENUE CHRISTIAN CHURCH 

Has a large congregation doing an extensive work with mod- 
ern methods. 

An interesting feature of" this denomination is that they have 
concentrated their missionary work under the auspices of the 
United Christian Missionary Society, combining all branches of 
missionary and ])romotion activities, with offices in St. Louis, 
from which radiates the great spiritual power exercised by this 
church. 



205 




WESTMINSTER PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH 

From its location and beauty of architecture, it is one of the 
most imposing edifices of our city. It has had able, influential 
ministers who have stood high locally and nationally. 



ZOb 




207 




RIGHT REV. DANIEL S. TUTTLE 

Bishop of the Episcopal Church of Missouri and Senior Pre- 
siding Bishop of the United States. 



208 




CHRIST CHURCH CATHEDRAL, EPISCOPAL 

It is one of the largest and most influential of the down- 
town churches. 



In the vast territory between the Mississippi River and the 
Pacific Ocean — Christ Church was the sole Episcopal representa- 
tive in 1819. 



209 







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CHRIST CHURCH CATHEDRAL (Interior) 

The Reredos is the most magnificent in the country. It was 
the gift of Mrs. Christine Graham, wife of the late Benjamin B. 
Graham and daughter of the statesman, Frank P. Blair. 

The artist was Henry Hems, of Exeter, Eng., after a design by 
Kivas Tully. It is of Caen Stone and cost $50,000. The edifice 
itself is considered to have the finest architectural proportions. 



210 




CENTENARY METHODIST CHURCH 

It still holds its down-town location and numbers one of 
the largest congregations of this denomination in the city. It 
has been favored with th& ablest divines \n this denomination. 



211 




GRACE METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH 

This church is a stately edifice. The interior decoration about 
the organ and pulpit are in has relief, expressive of grace and 
beatity — embodying spiritual ideals. 

This church has always shown civic and national loyalty 
and maintained a high standard of ability in the pulpit 



212 



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213 




214 



SECOND BAPTIST CHURCH 

This is one of the most imposing- church edifices in the United 
States. It has two main buildings united by a front and rear 
loggia with a tower rising from the center of the rear loggia. 
It is built of brick and is fashioned after the architectural models 
of Lombardy and North Italy in general. The coloring- ranges 
from a rich brown to the palest buff — the brick selected being 
all of one burning; about one million used in the building. 

The chromatic scheme is already pleasing; age will mellow 
the structure and increase the richness of the coloring. 

It is stated that few pieces of brick work in the United States 
equal that which is revealed in these buildings and none sur- 
passes it. 

This building was constructed under the inspiration and 
direction of its present eloquent minister, the Rev. William 
Coleman Bitting, D.D. 



215 




RABBI LEON HARRISON 

Rev. Dr. Leon Harrison has for many years stood as one of 
the most gifted and distinguished leaders of his race in the city 
of St. Louis. His eloquent voice always pleads in every great 
cause, civic and national. 



216 




TEMPLE ISRAEL 

A specimen of classic architecture, massive and imposing in 
its proportions. 



217 




J2:m 



ARCHBISHOP JOHN J. GLENNON 
Archbishop of St. Louis 

He is the popular head of the CathoHc Church of St. Louis, 
and is remarkable for ability in the administration and govern- 
ment of his archdiocese. 



218 




THE NEW CATHOLIC CATHEDRAL 



The cost when completed will be about $3,000,000. The altar, 
a gift of an individual, cost $100,000. It has a majestic and im- 
posing exterior, but its interior magnificence is still greater. It 
is considered one of the finest churches in the country. 



219 




INTERIOR OF NEW CATHEDRAL 

This high altar was the gift of Mr. William Cullcn McBride, costing 

over $100,000 



220 



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Erected in 1831 

It has many sacred associations, in its long history of 
Catholicism. 



221 




REV. FATHER D. S. PHELAN AT 30 YEARS OF AGE 

Editor Western Watchman, 1865-1915. fifty years' continuous 
service. He graduated at St. Louis High School at 17 years of 
age in the class of 1858. 



222 




ST. JOHN'S METHODIST CHURCH 

It has always sustained an able ministry and has taken a 
prominent part in the religious life of the city. 



223 




CHANCELLOR FREDERICK A. HALL 
of Washington University 



224 




FRONT VIEW WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY 

225 



.M 




WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY AND CAMPUS 

It was founded by the Rev. AVilliam Greenleaf Eliot, D.D., 
and a number of distinguished St. Louis citizens. The first group 
of buildings was situated at 17th street and Washington avenue, 
and college degrees were first granted in 1862. Since. that time 
the University has greatly increased in the number of buildings, 
facilities and students. Chancellor Frederic A. Hall's present 
administration has been marked by great success. 

The total enrollment for the year, jn all departments, was 
3.838 students. This is a co-educational institution, which is in 
the most prosperous condition of its history. It affords great 
facilities in all of its departments. 



226 





MOST REVEREND 
PETER RICHARD KENDRICK 

First Archbishop of St. Louis — 1847 to his death 
1896, mourned by all religious denomi- 
nations throughout the country. 



REV. MICHAEL J. O'CONNOR, S. J., 
Pres. St. Louis University 

221 




ST. LOUIS UNIVERSITY 

The foundation of St. Louis University dates back to 1818, 
three years before Missouri became a state of the Union. 

The number of students enrolled is about 1,800, with a com- 
])lete faculty in all departments. 

Its long history is of g-reat interest. 



228 




229 




EARLY HIGH SCHOOL 



This was the early cuhnination of the piibHc schools where 
many of our leading" citizens of today received their highest 
educational oj)portunities and inspiration. 



230 




NEW CENTRAL HIGH SCHOOL 



231 




232 




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233 




234 




235 



SUPERINTENDENTS 

The five following' superintendents of the St. Louis Public 
Schools, who have faithfully served and passed on. leaving a noble 
record : 

1 Ira Divoll, 1859-1867. 

2 W'm. Torrey Harris, 1867-1880. 

3 Edw. H. Long, 1880-1895. 

4 F. Louis Soldan. 1895-1908. 

5 Ben Blewett. 1908-1917. 



236 




IRA DIVOLL 



237 




W:/I. TORREY HARRIS 



238 




239 




F. LOUIS SOLDAN 
240 




BEN BLEWETT 



m^:^ 7 



241 







HENRY SHAW 



242 



MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN ' 

It consists of 125 acres in the southern part of the city and was 
formerly the private property and home of the Hon. Henry Shaw. 
It has been turned over to the city since the death of this dis- 
tinguished savant and great benefactor, and this magnificent 
gilt has been changed in name from "Shaw's Garden," by which 
it was so long and familiarly known, to the more comprehensive 
name of "The Missouri Botanical Garden." 

It contains 11.000 species of plants obtained from all parts of 
the world. 

It has splendidly equipjicd laboratories for graduate work in 
Botany and allied subjects. 

Its library contains more than 37,000 books and 49,000 val- 
uable pamphlets. 

The scientific value of this garden in the number and import- 
ance of the great variety of specimens is thought unexcelled by 
any other similar collection in the United States, and surpassed 
only by the Royal Gardens at Kew, England. 

A feature of interest is the Mausoleum containing the remains 
of Mr. Shaw. 

The charming arrangement and beauty of the floral display 
make it one of the creat attractions of the citv. 



243 



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244 




245 




246 




PALM DISPLAY, MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN 



247 




248 



Missouri One Hundred Years Ago 

The Saint Louis Missouri Centennial Pageant in commemora- 
tion of the One Hundredth Anniversary of Missouri's Admission 
to the Union, under the general direction of W^illiam W. La 
Beaume, written and produced by Thomas Wood Stevens ; Rob- 
ert Hanna, Chairman of the Productions Committee, with music 
by Frederick Fischer — Noel Poepping — Gerald Tyler, with a 
Symphonic Orchestra and the Saint Louis Pageant Chorus under 
the direction of Frederick Fischer — a cast of LOGO performers, 
orchestra of 65, chorus of 150 and 100 dancers, was held at the 
Coliseum on the evenings of October llth-15th, 1921. 

This was an event of historic interest, marking a new epoch 
in drama and pageantry, portraying the spirit of Missouri, her 
people, resources, aims and aspirations and the political struggles 
that finallv terminated in her statehood when admitted to the 
Union in 1821. 

The actors in this spirited drama numbered many well-known 
leaders among the women of the city and prominent professional 
and business men who entered into the spirit of the play and 
rendered their parts with histrionic excellence. 

Among the leading characters were, "The Spirit of Missouri," 
Mrs. George Gellhorn ; "Saint Louis," Mr. David S Friedman ; 
"Strife," Mr. W. H. Hoppe ; "The Spirit of Jefferson." Mr. R. \V. 
Bruner ; "The Spirit of Napoleon." Air. Edgar P. Shutz ; "Hamil- 
ton Rowan Gamble," Mr. Frank Somerville ; "Mrs. Coalter," by 
Mrs. William Scheville ; "Kibbie," Mr. Blanchard O. McKee ; 
"David Barton," Mr. Daniel Bartlett ; "Alexander McNair," Mr. 
John P. Sweeney ; "Thomas Hart Benton," Mr. David O'Neil ; 
"Pierre Chouteau, Jr.." Mr. Hector M. E. Pasmezoglu ; "Judge 
J. B. C. Lucas," Mr. Harry McClain ; "John Scott," Territorial 
delegate, Mr. R. W. Bruner; "Daniel Boone," Mr. Sam Goddard ; 
"Edward Bates," Mr. Culver Hastedt ; "Auguste Chouteau," Mr. 
Henry de Lecluse ; "Madame Chouteau," Mrs. Walter B. Douglas ; 
"Mrs. De Mun," Mrs. George E. Norton; "Mandy," Miss Rhea 
MacAdams ; "Charles Lucas," Mr. Percy Ramsey; "Gov. William 
Clark." Mr. Gustavus Tuckerman. Lack of space forbids the 
mention of all the players. 

The drama in two acts of two scenes each, showed the social 
and political life of the time and place, the actual working of 
slavery as a domestic institution, and in legislature and conven- 
tion, the clashing of local and national ideals of freedom. The 
scene of the play is before a tavern, representing at various times 
both the Mansion House and the Missouri Hotel in St. Louis. 

The Masque as presented in the Prologue and Epilogue was 
of great poetic and spectacular effect. The music was original. 

249 



modern and appropriate. The Prologue presented Missouri, the 
proud spirit of the land, moving amid the dance of the ever- 
recurring cycles of nature feeling the touch of new forces, yet 
getting no answer from the ancient manitous and meeting rivers 
until Man comes. After the Indian, come Spain and France, bear- 
ing their flags, and with them come Slaves, bringing "Strife," a 
threatening figure. Calling upon the nations as they pass and 
view the scroll of her sovereignty, appears a vision of the Louisi- 
ana Purchase, and in the spirit of" Jefferson she finds her future 
and breaks forth into singing and rejoicing : 

"Out of the strife — a state. 
Out of the storm — a star." 

The Epilogue presents Missouri, magnificent in the harvest 
of a hundred years, greeted in Festival by Saint Louis. The 
conflicting elements of political life are finally harmonized into 
a unity of accomplishment and aspiration, transforming the ele- 
ment of Strife into Power — the high artistic and spiritual climax 
of the Pageant. This last scene furnished a spectacle of grandeur 
and beauty in which classical finish of form and splendor and 
harmony of color were blended with grace and rhythmic move- 
ment in the dance to the sound of soul-stirring music that shed a 
erlorv over all. unrivalled l^efore on anv stage. 



250 




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"MISSOURI" 
Mrs. George Gellhcrn 



254 



u make acknowledgment to 

I hereby make publicity 

the St. Louis Conven -n ^n ^^^^.^^ 

Bureau for ^-^-^^Srs who have 
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LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 




014 572 313 9 •! 



